Inner product of differentiable functions

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Suppose that f,g are differentiable functions from $mathcalR$ to $mathcalR^n$.



Show that $langle f(t),g(t)rangle' = langle f'(t),g(t)rangle + langle f(t),g'(t)rangle$



I've been banging my head against a brick wall on this for a while, I can see that the RHS is something like the product rule for differentiation. We're not given an inner product but even just trying to by parts integrate the standard inner wasn't working.



Thanks in advance for any help.










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  • Do you know the definition of differentiability of a function $F:Bbb R^mtoBbb R^n$?
    – edm
    1 hour ago






  • 1




    What is the meaning of $<ldots>$?
    – manooooh
    1 hour ago










  • @edm A function is differentiable at t if there are functions $f_1, f_2, ..., f_n$ such that $f'(t) = (f_1'(t),...,f_n'(t))$ Can't really see how to apply that though :)
    – Milan Leonard
    1 hour ago















up vote
1
down vote

favorite












Suppose that f,g are differentiable functions from $mathcalR$ to $mathcalR^n$.



Show that $langle f(t),g(t)rangle' = langle f'(t),g(t)rangle + langle f(t),g'(t)rangle$



I've been banging my head against a brick wall on this for a while, I can see that the RHS is something like the product rule for differentiation. We're not given an inner product but even just trying to by parts integrate the standard inner wasn't working.



Thanks in advance for any help.










share|cite|improve this question























  • Do you know the definition of differentiability of a function $F:Bbb R^mtoBbb R^n$?
    – edm
    1 hour ago






  • 1




    What is the meaning of $<ldots>$?
    – manooooh
    1 hour ago










  • @edm A function is differentiable at t if there are functions $f_1, f_2, ..., f_n$ such that $f'(t) = (f_1'(t),...,f_n'(t))$ Can't really see how to apply that though :)
    – Milan Leonard
    1 hour ago













up vote
1
down vote

favorite









up vote
1
down vote

favorite











Suppose that f,g are differentiable functions from $mathcalR$ to $mathcalR^n$.



Show that $langle f(t),g(t)rangle' = langle f'(t),g(t)rangle + langle f(t),g'(t)rangle$



I've been banging my head against a brick wall on this for a while, I can see that the RHS is something like the product rule for differentiation. We're not given an inner product but even just trying to by parts integrate the standard inner wasn't working.



Thanks in advance for any help.










share|cite|improve this question















Suppose that f,g are differentiable functions from $mathcalR$ to $mathcalR^n$.



Show that $langle f(t),g(t)rangle' = langle f'(t),g(t)rangle + langle f(t),g'(t)rangle$



I've been banging my head against a brick wall on this for a while, I can see that the RHS is something like the product rule for differentiation. We're not given an inner product but even just trying to by parts integrate the standard inner wasn't working.



Thanks in advance for any help.







linear-algebra inner-product-space






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edited 1 hour ago









edm

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3,2931425










asked 1 hour ago









Milan Leonard

909




909











  • Do you know the definition of differentiability of a function $F:Bbb R^mtoBbb R^n$?
    – edm
    1 hour ago






  • 1




    What is the meaning of $<ldots>$?
    – manooooh
    1 hour ago










  • @edm A function is differentiable at t if there are functions $f_1, f_2, ..., f_n$ such that $f'(t) = (f_1'(t),...,f_n'(t))$ Can't really see how to apply that though :)
    – Milan Leonard
    1 hour ago

















  • Do you know the definition of differentiability of a function $F:Bbb R^mtoBbb R^n$?
    – edm
    1 hour ago






  • 1




    What is the meaning of $<ldots>$?
    – manooooh
    1 hour ago










  • @edm A function is differentiable at t if there are functions $f_1, f_2, ..., f_n$ such that $f'(t) = (f_1'(t),...,f_n'(t))$ Can't really see how to apply that though :)
    – Milan Leonard
    1 hour ago
















Do you know the definition of differentiability of a function $F:Bbb R^mtoBbb R^n$?
– edm
1 hour ago




Do you know the definition of differentiability of a function $F:Bbb R^mtoBbb R^n$?
– edm
1 hour ago




1




1




What is the meaning of $<ldots>$?
– manooooh
1 hour ago




What is the meaning of $<ldots>$?
– manooooh
1 hour ago












@edm A function is differentiable at t if there are functions $f_1, f_2, ..., f_n$ such that $f'(t) = (f_1'(t),...,f_n'(t))$ Can't really see how to apply that though :)
– Milan Leonard
1 hour ago





@edm A function is differentiable at t if there are functions $f_1, f_2, ..., f_n$ such that $f'(t) = (f_1'(t),...,f_n'(t))$ Can't really see how to apply that though :)
– Milan Leonard
1 hour ago











3 Answers
3






active

oldest

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up vote
2
down vote



accepted










The proof is very similar to how you prove that $(fg)' = f'g + fg'$ for any functions $f,gcolon Bbb RtoBbb R$. To wit, write
beginalign*
langle f(t),g(t)rangle' &= lim_hto0fraclangle f(t+h),g(t+h)rangle-langle f(t),g(t)rangleh.
endalign*

Let me write $fg$, i.e. just the concatenation, to mean $langle f,grangle$. There shouldn't be any confusion by doing this. With this notation, we have
beginalign*
langle f(t),g(t)rangle' &= lim_hto0fracf(t+h)g(t+h)-f(t)g(t)h \
&= lim_hto0fracf(t+h)g(t+h)-f(t)g(t+h)+f(t)g(t+h)-f(t)g(t)h \
&= lim_hto0fracf(t+h)-f(t)hg(t+h) + f(t)lim_hto0fracg(t+h)-g(t)h\
&= f'(t)g(t) + f(t)g'(t) \
&= langle f'(t),g(t)rangle + langle f(t),g'(t)rangle,
endalign*

where we switched back to the usual notation in the last line. In the second-to-last equality, we used continuity of the inner product $langlecdot,cdotranglecolon Bbb R^ntimesBbb R^ntoBbb R$.






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    up vote
    2
    down vote













    Write $f(t)=(f_1(t),f_2(t),dots,f_n(t))$ and $g(t)=(g_1(t),g_2(t),dots,g_n(t))$. The inner product is given by $$langle f(t),g(t)rangle=sum_i=1^nf_i(t)g_i(t).$$ You apply sum rule and product rule of differentiation to see that $$fracddtlangle f(t),g(t)rangle=sum_i=1^nf_i'(t)g_i(t)+f_i(t)g_i'(t).$$ The last expression is equal to $$langle f'(t),g(t)rangle + langle f(t),g'(t)rangle.$$



    There is also a general formula telling us how to calculate derivatives of bilinear functions, but you may not yet be ready to understand. Given a bilinear function $B$ that takes a pair of vectors $(x,y)$ as input, the derivative at $(a,b)$ is the linear map $B'(a,b)$ that acts on $(x,y)$ by the formula $$B'(a,b)(x,y)=B(a,y)+B(x,b).$$



    Your map $tmapstolangle f(t),g(t)rangle$ is the composition $tmapsto(f(t),g(t))$, $(x,y)mapstolangle x,yrangle$. So alternatively, you can apply chain rule to obtain the formula for its derivative.






    share|cite|improve this answer



























      up vote
      0
      down vote













      A slightly different approach.



      Let $fin C^1(Bbb R^ntimes Bbb R^m,Bbb R^ell)$, then it is easy to check that



      $$partial f(x,y)(a,b)=D_x f(x,y)a+D_y f(x,y)btag1$$



      where $partial f$ is the Fréchet derivative of $f$ and $D_x f$ is the Fréchet derivative of $f(cdot,y)$. Similarly $D_y f$ is the Fréchet derivative of $f(x,cdot)$.



      Let $d:Bbb R^ntimes Bbb R^ntoBbb R$ a dot product, hence



      $$partial, d(x,y)(a,b)=D_x d(x,y)a+D_y d(x,y)btag2$$



      Now note that the functions $d(cdot ,y)$ and $d(x,cdot)$ are linear, so



      $$D_x d(x,y)=d(cdot, y)implies D_x d(x,y)a=d(a,y)tag3$$



      And similarly $D_y d(x,y)b=d(x,b)$. Putting all together we find that



      $$partial, d(x,y)(a,b)=d(a,y)+d(x,b)tag4$$



      By last, using the chain rule, we have that



      $$partial, [d(f,g)]=partial d(f,g)partial(f,g)=partial d(f,g)(f',g')\=d(f',g)+d(f,g')tag5$$




      The key points here are $(1)$ and the fact that if $A$ is a linear function then $partial Ax=A$, what can be checked easily using the definition of Fréchet derivative.






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        3 Answers
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        3 Answers
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        active

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        active

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        active

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        up vote
        2
        down vote



        accepted










        The proof is very similar to how you prove that $(fg)' = f'g + fg'$ for any functions $f,gcolon Bbb RtoBbb R$. To wit, write
        beginalign*
        langle f(t),g(t)rangle' &= lim_hto0fraclangle f(t+h),g(t+h)rangle-langle f(t),g(t)rangleh.
        endalign*

        Let me write $fg$, i.e. just the concatenation, to mean $langle f,grangle$. There shouldn't be any confusion by doing this. With this notation, we have
        beginalign*
        langle f(t),g(t)rangle' &= lim_hto0fracf(t+h)g(t+h)-f(t)g(t)h \
        &= lim_hto0fracf(t+h)g(t+h)-f(t)g(t+h)+f(t)g(t+h)-f(t)g(t)h \
        &= lim_hto0fracf(t+h)-f(t)hg(t+h) + f(t)lim_hto0fracg(t+h)-g(t)h\
        &= f'(t)g(t) + f(t)g'(t) \
        &= langle f'(t),g(t)rangle + langle f(t),g'(t)rangle,
        endalign*

        where we switched back to the usual notation in the last line. In the second-to-last equality, we used continuity of the inner product $langlecdot,cdotranglecolon Bbb R^ntimesBbb R^ntoBbb R$.






        share|cite|improve this answer
























          up vote
          2
          down vote



          accepted










          The proof is very similar to how you prove that $(fg)' = f'g + fg'$ for any functions $f,gcolon Bbb RtoBbb R$. To wit, write
          beginalign*
          langle f(t),g(t)rangle' &= lim_hto0fraclangle f(t+h),g(t+h)rangle-langle f(t),g(t)rangleh.
          endalign*

          Let me write $fg$, i.e. just the concatenation, to mean $langle f,grangle$. There shouldn't be any confusion by doing this. With this notation, we have
          beginalign*
          langle f(t),g(t)rangle' &= lim_hto0fracf(t+h)g(t+h)-f(t)g(t)h \
          &= lim_hto0fracf(t+h)g(t+h)-f(t)g(t+h)+f(t)g(t+h)-f(t)g(t)h \
          &= lim_hto0fracf(t+h)-f(t)hg(t+h) + f(t)lim_hto0fracg(t+h)-g(t)h\
          &= f'(t)g(t) + f(t)g'(t) \
          &= langle f'(t),g(t)rangle + langle f(t),g'(t)rangle,
          endalign*

          where we switched back to the usual notation in the last line. In the second-to-last equality, we used continuity of the inner product $langlecdot,cdotranglecolon Bbb R^ntimesBbb R^ntoBbb R$.






          share|cite|improve this answer






















            up vote
            2
            down vote



            accepted







            up vote
            2
            down vote



            accepted






            The proof is very similar to how you prove that $(fg)' = f'g + fg'$ for any functions $f,gcolon Bbb RtoBbb R$. To wit, write
            beginalign*
            langle f(t),g(t)rangle' &= lim_hto0fraclangle f(t+h),g(t+h)rangle-langle f(t),g(t)rangleh.
            endalign*

            Let me write $fg$, i.e. just the concatenation, to mean $langle f,grangle$. There shouldn't be any confusion by doing this. With this notation, we have
            beginalign*
            langle f(t),g(t)rangle' &= lim_hto0fracf(t+h)g(t+h)-f(t)g(t)h \
            &= lim_hto0fracf(t+h)g(t+h)-f(t)g(t+h)+f(t)g(t+h)-f(t)g(t)h \
            &= lim_hto0fracf(t+h)-f(t)hg(t+h) + f(t)lim_hto0fracg(t+h)-g(t)h\
            &= f'(t)g(t) + f(t)g'(t) \
            &= langle f'(t),g(t)rangle + langle f(t),g'(t)rangle,
            endalign*

            where we switched back to the usual notation in the last line. In the second-to-last equality, we used continuity of the inner product $langlecdot,cdotranglecolon Bbb R^ntimesBbb R^ntoBbb R$.






            share|cite|improve this answer












            The proof is very similar to how you prove that $(fg)' = f'g + fg'$ for any functions $f,gcolon Bbb RtoBbb R$. To wit, write
            beginalign*
            langle f(t),g(t)rangle' &= lim_hto0fraclangle f(t+h),g(t+h)rangle-langle f(t),g(t)rangleh.
            endalign*

            Let me write $fg$, i.e. just the concatenation, to mean $langle f,grangle$. There shouldn't be any confusion by doing this. With this notation, we have
            beginalign*
            langle f(t),g(t)rangle' &= lim_hto0fracf(t+h)g(t+h)-f(t)g(t)h \
            &= lim_hto0fracf(t+h)g(t+h)-f(t)g(t+h)+f(t)g(t+h)-f(t)g(t)h \
            &= lim_hto0fracf(t+h)-f(t)hg(t+h) + f(t)lim_hto0fracg(t+h)-g(t)h\
            &= f'(t)g(t) + f(t)g'(t) \
            &= langle f'(t),g(t)rangle + langle f(t),g'(t)rangle,
            endalign*

            where we switched back to the usual notation in the last line. In the second-to-last equality, we used continuity of the inner product $langlecdot,cdotranglecolon Bbb R^ntimesBbb R^ntoBbb R$.







            share|cite|improve this answer












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            share|cite|improve this answer










            answered 1 hour ago









            AOrtiz

            10.1k21239




            10.1k21239




















                up vote
                2
                down vote













                Write $f(t)=(f_1(t),f_2(t),dots,f_n(t))$ and $g(t)=(g_1(t),g_2(t),dots,g_n(t))$. The inner product is given by $$langle f(t),g(t)rangle=sum_i=1^nf_i(t)g_i(t).$$ You apply sum rule and product rule of differentiation to see that $$fracddtlangle f(t),g(t)rangle=sum_i=1^nf_i'(t)g_i(t)+f_i(t)g_i'(t).$$ The last expression is equal to $$langle f'(t),g(t)rangle + langle f(t),g'(t)rangle.$$



                There is also a general formula telling us how to calculate derivatives of bilinear functions, but you may not yet be ready to understand. Given a bilinear function $B$ that takes a pair of vectors $(x,y)$ as input, the derivative at $(a,b)$ is the linear map $B'(a,b)$ that acts on $(x,y)$ by the formula $$B'(a,b)(x,y)=B(a,y)+B(x,b).$$



                Your map $tmapstolangle f(t),g(t)rangle$ is the composition $tmapsto(f(t),g(t))$, $(x,y)mapstolangle x,yrangle$. So alternatively, you can apply chain rule to obtain the formula for its derivative.






                share|cite|improve this answer
























                  up vote
                  2
                  down vote













                  Write $f(t)=(f_1(t),f_2(t),dots,f_n(t))$ and $g(t)=(g_1(t),g_2(t),dots,g_n(t))$. The inner product is given by $$langle f(t),g(t)rangle=sum_i=1^nf_i(t)g_i(t).$$ You apply sum rule and product rule of differentiation to see that $$fracddtlangle f(t),g(t)rangle=sum_i=1^nf_i'(t)g_i(t)+f_i(t)g_i'(t).$$ The last expression is equal to $$langle f'(t),g(t)rangle + langle f(t),g'(t)rangle.$$



                  There is also a general formula telling us how to calculate derivatives of bilinear functions, but you may not yet be ready to understand. Given a bilinear function $B$ that takes a pair of vectors $(x,y)$ as input, the derivative at $(a,b)$ is the linear map $B'(a,b)$ that acts on $(x,y)$ by the formula $$B'(a,b)(x,y)=B(a,y)+B(x,b).$$



                  Your map $tmapstolangle f(t),g(t)rangle$ is the composition $tmapsto(f(t),g(t))$, $(x,y)mapstolangle x,yrangle$. So alternatively, you can apply chain rule to obtain the formula for its derivative.






                  share|cite|improve this answer






















                    up vote
                    2
                    down vote










                    up vote
                    2
                    down vote









                    Write $f(t)=(f_1(t),f_2(t),dots,f_n(t))$ and $g(t)=(g_1(t),g_2(t),dots,g_n(t))$. The inner product is given by $$langle f(t),g(t)rangle=sum_i=1^nf_i(t)g_i(t).$$ You apply sum rule and product rule of differentiation to see that $$fracddtlangle f(t),g(t)rangle=sum_i=1^nf_i'(t)g_i(t)+f_i(t)g_i'(t).$$ The last expression is equal to $$langle f'(t),g(t)rangle + langle f(t),g'(t)rangle.$$



                    There is also a general formula telling us how to calculate derivatives of bilinear functions, but you may not yet be ready to understand. Given a bilinear function $B$ that takes a pair of vectors $(x,y)$ as input, the derivative at $(a,b)$ is the linear map $B'(a,b)$ that acts on $(x,y)$ by the formula $$B'(a,b)(x,y)=B(a,y)+B(x,b).$$



                    Your map $tmapstolangle f(t),g(t)rangle$ is the composition $tmapsto(f(t),g(t))$, $(x,y)mapstolangle x,yrangle$. So alternatively, you can apply chain rule to obtain the formula for its derivative.






                    share|cite|improve this answer












                    Write $f(t)=(f_1(t),f_2(t),dots,f_n(t))$ and $g(t)=(g_1(t),g_2(t),dots,g_n(t))$. The inner product is given by $$langle f(t),g(t)rangle=sum_i=1^nf_i(t)g_i(t).$$ You apply sum rule and product rule of differentiation to see that $$fracddtlangle f(t),g(t)rangle=sum_i=1^nf_i'(t)g_i(t)+f_i(t)g_i'(t).$$ The last expression is equal to $$langle f'(t),g(t)rangle + langle f(t),g'(t)rangle.$$



                    There is also a general formula telling us how to calculate derivatives of bilinear functions, but you may not yet be ready to understand. Given a bilinear function $B$ that takes a pair of vectors $(x,y)$ as input, the derivative at $(a,b)$ is the linear map $B'(a,b)$ that acts on $(x,y)$ by the formula $$B'(a,b)(x,y)=B(a,y)+B(x,b).$$



                    Your map $tmapstolangle f(t),g(t)rangle$ is the composition $tmapsto(f(t),g(t))$, $(x,y)mapstolangle x,yrangle$. So alternatively, you can apply chain rule to obtain the formula for its derivative.







                    share|cite|improve this answer












                    share|cite|improve this answer



                    share|cite|improve this answer










                    answered 1 hour ago









                    edm

                    3,2931425




                    3,2931425




















                        up vote
                        0
                        down vote













                        A slightly different approach.



                        Let $fin C^1(Bbb R^ntimes Bbb R^m,Bbb R^ell)$, then it is easy to check that



                        $$partial f(x,y)(a,b)=D_x f(x,y)a+D_y f(x,y)btag1$$



                        where $partial f$ is the Fréchet derivative of $f$ and $D_x f$ is the Fréchet derivative of $f(cdot,y)$. Similarly $D_y f$ is the Fréchet derivative of $f(x,cdot)$.



                        Let $d:Bbb R^ntimes Bbb R^ntoBbb R$ a dot product, hence



                        $$partial, d(x,y)(a,b)=D_x d(x,y)a+D_y d(x,y)btag2$$



                        Now note that the functions $d(cdot ,y)$ and $d(x,cdot)$ are linear, so



                        $$D_x d(x,y)=d(cdot, y)implies D_x d(x,y)a=d(a,y)tag3$$



                        And similarly $D_y d(x,y)b=d(x,b)$. Putting all together we find that



                        $$partial, d(x,y)(a,b)=d(a,y)+d(x,b)tag4$$



                        By last, using the chain rule, we have that



                        $$partial, [d(f,g)]=partial d(f,g)partial(f,g)=partial d(f,g)(f',g')\=d(f',g)+d(f,g')tag5$$




                        The key points here are $(1)$ and the fact that if $A$ is a linear function then $partial Ax=A$, what can be checked easily using the definition of Fréchet derivative.






                        share|cite|improve this answer


























                          up vote
                          0
                          down vote













                          A slightly different approach.



                          Let $fin C^1(Bbb R^ntimes Bbb R^m,Bbb R^ell)$, then it is easy to check that



                          $$partial f(x,y)(a,b)=D_x f(x,y)a+D_y f(x,y)btag1$$



                          where $partial f$ is the Fréchet derivative of $f$ and $D_x f$ is the Fréchet derivative of $f(cdot,y)$. Similarly $D_y f$ is the Fréchet derivative of $f(x,cdot)$.



                          Let $d:Bbb R^ntimes Bbb R^ntoBbb R$ a dot product, hence



                          $$partial, d(x,y)(a,b)=D_x d(x,y)a+D_y d(x,y)btag2$$



                          Now note that the functions $d(cdot ,y)$ and $d(x,cdot)$ are linear, so



                          $$D_x d(x,y)=d(cdot, y)implies D_x d(x,y)a=d(a,y)tag3$$



                          And similarly $D_y d(x,y)b=d(x,b)$. Putting all together we find that



                          $$partial, d(x,y)(a,b)=d(a,y)+d(x,b)tag4$$



                          By last, using the chain rule, we have that



                          $$partial, [d(f,g)]=partial d(f,g)partial(f,g)=partial d(f,g)(f',g')\=d(f',g)+d(f,g')tag5$$




                          The key points here are $(1)$ and the fact that if $A$ is a linear function then $partial Ax=A$, what can be checked easily using the definition of Fréchet derivative.






                          share|cite|improve this answer
























                            up vote
                            0
                            down vote










                            up vote
                            0
                            down vote









                            A slightly different approach.



                            Let $fin C^1(Bbb R^ntimes Bbb R^m,Bbb R^ell)$, then it is easy to check that



                            $$partial f(x,y)(a,b)=D_x f(x,y)a+D_y f(x,y)btag1$$



                            where $partial f$ is the Fréchet derivative of $f$ and $D_x f$ is the Fréchet derivative of $f(cdot,y)$. Similarly $D_y f$ is the Fréchet derivative of $f(x,cdot)$.



                            Let $d:Bbb R^ntimes Bbb R^ntoBbb R$ a dot product, hence



                            $$partial, d(x,y)(a,b)=D_x d(x,y)a+D_y d(x,y)btag2$$



                            Now note that the functions $d(cdot ,y)$ and $d(x,cdot)$ are linear, so



                            $$D_x d(x,y)=d(cdot, y)implies D_x d(x,y)a=d(a,y)tag3$$



                            And similarly $D_y d(x,y)b=d(x,b)$. Putting all together we find that



                            $$partial, d(x,y)(a,b)=d(a,y)+d(x,b)tag4$$



                            By last, using the chain rule, we have that



                            $$partial, [d(f,g)]=partial d(f,g)partial(f,g)=partial d(f,g)(f',g')\=d(f',g)+d(f,g')tag5$$




                            The key points here are $(1)$ and the fact that if $A$ is a linear function then $partial Ax=A$, what can be checked easily using the definition of Fréchet derivative.






                            share|cite|improve this answer














                            A slightly different approach.



                            Let $fin C^1(Bbb R^ntimes Bbb R^m,Bbb R^ell)$, then it is easy to check that



                            $$partial f(x,y)(a,b)=D_x f(x,y)a+D_y f(x,y)btag1$$



                            where $partial f$ is the Fréchet derivative of $f$ and $D_x f$ is the Fréchet derivative of $f(cdot,y)$. Similarly $D_y f$ is the Fréchet derivative of $f(x,cdot)$.



                            Let $d:Bbb R^ntimes Bbb R^ntoBbb R$ a dot product, hence



                            $$partial, d(x,y)(a,b)=D_x d(x,y)a+D_y d(x,y)btag2$$



                            Now note that the functions $d(cdot ,y)$ and $d(x,cdot)$ are linear, so



                            $$D_x d(x,y)=d(cdot, y)implies D_x d(x,y)a=d(a,y)tag3$$



                            And similarly $D_y d(x,y)b=d(x,b)$. Putting all together we find that



                            $$partial, d(x,y)(a,b)=d(a,y)+d(x,b)tag4$$



                            By last, using the chain rule, we have that



                            $$partial, [d(f,g)]=partial d(f,g)partial(f,g)=partial d(f,g)(f',g')\=d(f',g)+d(f,g')tag5$$




                            The key points here are $(1)$ and the fact that if $A$ is a linear function then $partial Ax=A$, what can be checked easily using the definition of Fréchet derivative.







                            share|cite|improve this answer














                            share|cite|improve this answer



                            share|cite|improve this answer








                            edited 18 mins ago

























                            answered 1 hour ago









                            Masacroso

                            11.9k41745




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