Does unilateral free trade (no trade barriers from anywhere) imply no standards?

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Some people have proposed that after Brexit, the UK could adopt the "Singapore model" with unilateral free trade, and have no tariffs or non-tariff trade barriers from anywhere. For example, see The Telegraph, The Guardian, or this Conservative Home article. From the UK perspective, this would resolve the Irish border problem, as the UK Customs would not perform checks at the Irish Border, and it would be compatible with WTO Most Favoured Nation principles, as the UK would not perform checks from anywhere else, either (of course, the EU would still check its external customs border, including in Ireland).



Does this model imply that the UK could no longer have any product standards? Or could the UK under WTO rules still set standards on what can be legally sold in the UK, even when there are no limitations on what can be legally imported?










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  • "Or could the UK under WTO rules still set standards on what can be legally sold in the UK, even when there are no limitations on what can be legally imported?" Consider guns, drugs etc.
    – Orangesandlemons
    1 hour ago










  • @Orangesandlemons Well, maybe. Nobody said that the proposal to not do any customs checks ever isn't a radical proposal.
    – gerrit
    37 mins ago






  • 1




    Singapore still has Customs. Almost all goods are duty free, but there are sin taxes on a few (export.gov/article?id=Singapore-Import-Tariffs). Illegal goods are illegal. customs.gov.sg
    – Paul Johnson
    31 mins ago






  • 1




    @PaulJohnson True. So what some are describing as the "Singapore model" is actually even more radical than Singapore.
    – gerrit
    24 mins ago














up vote
6
down vote

favorite
2












Some people have proposed that after Brexit, the UK could adopt the "Singapore model" with unilateral free trade, and have no tariffs or non-tariff trade barriers from anywhere. For example, see The Telegraph, The Guardian, or this Conservative Home article. From the UK perspective, this would resolve the Irish border problem, as the UK Customs would not perform checks at the Irish Border, and it would be compatible with WTO Most Favoured Nation principles, as the UK would not perform checks from anywhere else, either (of course, the EU would still check its external customs border, including in Ireland).



Does this model imply that the UK could no longer have any product standards? Or could the UK under WTO rules still set standards on what can be legally sold in the UK, even when there are no limitations on what can be legally imported?










share|improve this question























  • "Or could the UK under WTO rules still set standards on what can be legally sold in the UK, even when there are no limitations on what can be legally imported?" Consider guns, drugs etc.
    – Orangesandlemons
    1 hour ago










  • @Orangesandlemons Well, maybe. Nobody said that the proposal to not do any customs checks ever isn't a radical proposal.
    – gerrit
    37 mins ago






  • 1




    Singapore still has Customs. Almost all goods are duty free, but there are sin taxes on a few (export.gov/article?id=Singapore-Import-Tariffs). Illegal goods are illegal. customs.gov.sg
    – Paul Johnson
    31 mins ago






  • 1




    @PaulJohnson True. So what some are describing as the "Singapore model" is actually even more radical than Singapore.
    – gerrit
    24 mins ago












up vote
6
down vote

favorite
2









up vote
6
down vote

favorite
2






2





Some people have proposed that after Brexit, the UK could adopt the "Singapore model" with unilateral free trade, and have no tariffs or non-tariff trade barriers from anywhere. For example, see The Telegraph, The Guardian, or this Conservative Home article. From the UK perspective, this would resolve the Irish border problem, as the UK Customs would not perform checks at the Irish Border, and it would be compatible with WTO Most Favoured Nation principles, as the UK would not perform checks from anywhere else, either (of course, the EU would still check its external customs border, including in Ireland).



Does this model imply that the UK could no longer have any product standards? Or could the UK under WTO rules still set standards on what can be legally sold in the UK, even when there are no limitations on what can be legally imported?










share|improve this question















Some people have proposed that after Brexit, the UK could adopt the "Singapore model" with unilateral free trade, and have no tariffs or non-tariff trade barriers from anywhere. For example, see The Telegraph, The Guardian, or this Conservative Home article. From the UK perspective, this would resolve the Irish border problem, as the UK Customs would not perform checks at the Irish Border, and it would be compatible with WTO Most Favoured Nation principles, as the UK would not perform checks from anywhere else, either (of course, the EU would still check its external customs border, including in Ireland).



Does this model imply that the UK could no longer have any product standards? Or could the UK under WTO rules still set standards on what can be legally sold in the UK, even when there are no limitations on what can be legally imported?







united-kingdom brexit trade






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edited 3 hours ago

























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gerrit

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  • "Or could the UK under WTO rules still set standards on what can be legally sold in the UK, even when there are no limitations on what can be legally imported?" Consider guns, drugs etc.
    – Orangesandlemons
    1 hour ago










  • @Orangesandlemons Well, maybe. Nobody said that the proposal to not do any customs checks ever isn't a radical proposal.
    – gerrit
    37 mins ago






  • 1




    Singapore still has Customs. Almost all goods are duty free, but there are sin taxes on a few (export.gov/article?id=Singapore-Import-Tariffs). Illegal goods are illegal. customs.gov.sg
    – Paul Johnson
    31 mins ago






  • 1




    @PaulJohnson True. So what some are describing as the "Singapore model" is actually even more radical than Singapore.
    – gerrit
    24 mins ago
















  • "Or could the UK under WTO rules still set standards on what can be legally sold in the UK, even when there are no limitations on what can be legally imported?" Consider guns, drugs etc.
    – Orangesandlemons
    1 hour ago










  • @Orangesandlemons Well, maybe. Nobody said that the proposal to not do any customs checks ever isn't a radical proposal.
    – gerrit
    37 mins ago






  • 1




    Singapore still has Customs. Almost all goods are duty free, but there are sin taxes on a few (export.gov/article?id=Singapore-Import-Tariffs). Illegal goods are illegal. customs.gov.sg
    – Paul Johnson
    31 mins ago






  • 1




    @PaulJohnson True. So what some are describing as the "Singapore model" is actually even more radical than Singapore.
    – gerrit
    24 mins ago















"Or could the UK under WTO rules still set standards on what can be legally sold in the UK, even when there are no limitations on what can be legally imported?" Consider guns, drugs etc.
– Orangesandlemons
1 hour ago




"Or could the UK under WTO rules still set standards on what can be legally sold in the UK, even when there are no limitations on what can be legally imported?" Consider guns, drugs etc.
– Orangesandlemons
1 hour ago












@Orangesandlemons Well, maybe. Nobody said that the proposal to not do any customs checks ever isn't a radical proposal.
– gerrit
37 mins ago




@Orangesandlemons Well, maybe. Nobody said that the proposal to not do any customs checks ever isn't a radical proposal.
– gerrit
37 mins ago




1




1




Singapore still has Customs. Almost all goods are duty free, but there are sin taxes on a few (export.gov/article?id=Singapore-Import-Tariffs). Illegal goods are illegal. customs.gov.sg
– Paul Johnson
31 mins ago




Singapore still has Customs. Almost all goods are duty free, but there are sin taxes on a few (export.gov/article?id=Singapore-Import-Tariffs). Illegal goods are illegal. customs.gov.sg
– Paul Johnson
31 mins ago




1




1




@PaulJohnson True. So what some are describing as the "Singapore model" is actually even more radical than Singapore.
– gerrit
24 mins ago




@PaulJohnson True. So what some are describing as the "Singapore model" is actually even more radical than Singapore.
– gerrit
24 mins ago










2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes

















up vote
1
down vote













The UK could still have standards, but (from a CATO paper on regulatory protectionism)




The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), one of the WTO’s
core treaties drafted in 1947, does not stop at border measures but
also requires national treatment of imports; that is, governments’
domestic laws must treat imports the same as goods produced at home.




This kind of thing can get tricky, since clever regulatory capture subtly takes ideas that seem to be defending consumers and promote them to the extent that their main effect is squashing competition. For example:




The U.S. Food, Conservation and Energy Act of 2008 (popularly known as
the “2008 farm bill”) included provisions requiring country-of-origin
labeling (COOL) on all imported beef, chicken, lamb, pork, and goat
meat and certain perishable commodities sold in retail outlets in the
United States...



A WTO panel found, and the Appellate Body confirmed, that mandatory
COOL rules violate Article 2.1 of the TBT Agreement by treating
imported livestock and meat from Canada and Mexico (the two
complainants in the case) less favorably than similar domestically
produced products. According to the Appellate Body report, the burden
of maintaining detailed records, which caused harm to foreign
livestock producers by increasing their costs, was not justified by
the goal of informing consumers, because the information ultimately
given to consumers was much less specific than what the processors
were required to keep track of. This disparity sufficiently revealed
the protectionist nature of the law.




Another example comes from anti-smoking regulation




In 2009 the Family Smoking Prevention and Control Act banned the sale
of all flavored cigarettes in the United States, except menthols. Why
the exception for menthols? It’s not because menthol cigarettes have
fewer negative effects than other flavored cigarettes19 or because
menthol cigarettes are less favored by new, underaged smokers than
clove cigarettes.20 No, there are two reasons menthols were excluded.
One, because they are popular—25 percent of all cigarettes smoked in
the United States are menthols—especially among African-Americans (80
percent of black smokers choose menthols). And two, because a ban on
flavored nonmenthol cigarettes did not affect U.S. cigarette
producers, only their foreign competition. The result was a ban on
less popular flavored cigarettes from Indonesia but not on the
flavored cigarettes made in the United States.



The WTO found this law also to be inconsistent with U.S. obligations
under the TBT Agreement. Here, the Appellate Body considered that
prevention of youth smoking was a legitimate goal. They even accepted
that treating cloves less favorably than menthols would be acceptable
if that different treatment was based on a “legitimate regulatory
distinction.”21 But they also recognized that exempting menthols did
not further the stated goal of the regulation, because there was no
evidence that young people would not choose to smoke menthols instead
of cloves.




These examples come from the United States and the notably pro-trade CATO institute, but they illuminate how the WTO looks at product standards and regulations.



So under WTO rules, the UK can still have product standards. These product standards cannot, however, be tariffs in disguise. They cannot impose a regulatory burden on foreign importers and not domestic ones without a compelling reason.






share|improve this answer



























    up vote
    1
    down vote













    If there are no barriers then there can be no standards imposed on goods coming in to the country, as checking to see if goods meet those standards is itself a barrier that creates delays and costs for importers. A so-called "no tariff barrier" because it's not a direct financial penalty but nevertheless hinders free trade.



    In fact Singapore does have border controls and trade barriers. For example, most types of chewing gum are banned and cannot be imported. Checks at ports and borders prevent it entering the country.






    share|improve this answer




















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      2 Answers
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      2 Answers
      2






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      up vote
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      The UK could still have standards, but (from a CATO paper on regulatory protectionism)




      The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), one of the WTO’s
      core treaties drafted in 1947, does not stop at border measures but
      also requires national treatment of imports; that is, governments’
      domestic laws must treat imports the same as goods produced at home.




      This kind of thing can get tricky, since clever regulatory capture subtly takes ideas that seem to be defending consumers and promote them to the extent that their main effect is squashing competition. For example:




      The U.S. Food, Conservation and Energy Act of 2008 (popularly known as
      the “2008 farm bill”) included provisions requiring country-of-origin
      labeling (COOL) on all imported beef, chicken, lamb, pork, and goat
      meat and certain perishable commodities sold in retail outlets in the
      United States...



      A WTO panel found, and the Appellate Body confirmed, that mandatory
      COOL rules violate Article 2.1 of the TBT Agreement by treating
      imported livestock and meat from Canada and Mexico (the two
      complainants in the case) less favorably than similar domestically
      produced products. According to the Appellate Body report, the burden
      of maintaining detailed records, which caused harm to foreign
      livestock producers by increasing their costs, was not justified by
      the goal of informing consumers, because the information ultimately
      given to consumers was much less specific than what the processors
      were required to keep track of. This disparity sufficiently revealed
      the protectionist nature of the law.




      Another example comes from anti-smoking regulation




      In 2009 the Family Smoking Prevention and Control Act banned the sale
      of all flavored cigarettes in the United States, except menthols. Why
      the exception for menthols? It’s not because menthol cigarettes have
      fewer negative effects than other flavored cigarettes19 or because
      menthol cigarettes are less favored by new, underaged smokers than
      clove cigarettes.20 No, there are two reasons menthols were excluded.
      One, because they are popular—25 percent of all cigarettes smoked in
      the United States are menthols—especially among African-Americans (80
      percent of black smokers choose menthols). And two, because a ban on
      flavored nonmenthol cigarettes did not affect U.S. cigarette
      producers, only their foreign competition. The result was a ban on
      less popular flavored cigarettes from Indonesia but not on the
      flavored cigarettes made in the United States.



      The WTO found this law also to be inconsistent with U.S. obligations
      under the TBT Agreement. Here, the Appellate Body considered that
      prevention of youth smoking was a legitimate goal. They even accepted
      that treating cloves less favorably than menthols would be acceptable
      if that different treatment was based on a “legitimate regulatory
      distinction.”21 But they also recognized that exempting menthols did
      not further the stated goal of the regulation, because there was no
      evidence that young people would not choose to smoke menthols instead
      of cloves.




      These examples come from the United States and the notably pro-trade CATO institute, but they illuminate how the WTO looks at product standards and regulations.



      So under WTO rules, the UK can still have product standards. These product standards cannot, however, be tariffs in disguise. They cannot impose a regulatory burden on foreign importers and not domestic ones without a compelling reason.






      share|improve this answer
























        up vote
        1
        down vote













        The UK could still have standards, but (from a CATO paper on regulatory protectionism)




        The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), one of the WTO’s
        core treaties drafted in 1947, does not stop at border measures but
        also requires national treatment of imports; that is, governments’
        domestic laws must treat imports the same as goods produced at home.




        This kind of thing can get tricky, since clever regulatory capture subtly takes ideas that seem to be defending consumers and promote them to the extent that their main effect is squashing competition. For example:




        The U.S. Food, Conservation and Energy Act of 2008 (popularly known as
        the “2008 farm bill”) included provisions requiring country-of-origin
        labeling (COOL) on all imported beef, chicken, lamb, pork, and goat
        meat and certain perishable commodities sold in retail outlets in the
        United States...



        A WTO panel found, and the Appellate Body confirmed, that mandatory
        COOL rules violate Article 2.1 of the TBT Agreement by treating
        imported livestock and meat from Canada and Mexico (the two
        complainants in the case) less favorably than similar domestically
        produced products. According to the Appellate Body report, the burden
        of maintaining detailed records, which caused harm to foreign
        livestock producers by increasing their costs, was not justified by
        the goal of informing consumers, because the information ultimately
        given to consumers was much less specific than what the processors
        were required to keep track of. This disparity sufficiently revealed
        the protectionist nature of the law.




        Another example comes from anti-smoking regulation




        In 2009 the Family Smoking Prevention and Control Act banned the sale
        of all flavored cigarettes in the United States, except menthols. Why
        the exception for menthols? It’s not because menthol cigarettes have
        fewer negative effects than other flavored cigarettes19 or because
        menthol cigarettes are less favored by new, underaged smokers than
        clove cigarettes.20 No, there are two reasons menthols were excluded.
        One, because they are popular—25 percent of all cigarettes smoked in
        the United States are menthols—especially among African-Americans (80
        percent of black smokers choose menthols). And two, because a ban on
        flavored nonmenthol cigarettes did not affect U.S. cigarette
        producers, only their foreign competition. The result was a ban on
        less popular flavored cigarettes from Indonesia but not on the
        flavored cigarettes made in the United States.



        The WTO found this law also to be inconsistent with U.S. obligations
        under the TBT Agreement. Here, the Appellate Body considered that
        prevention of youth smoking was a legitimate goal. They even accepted
        that treating cloves less favorably than menthols would be acceptable
        if that different treatment was based on a “legitimate regulatory
        distinction.”21 But they also recognized that exempting menthols did
        not further the stated goal of the regulation, because there was no
        evidence that young people would not choose to smoke menthols instead
        of cloves.




        These examples come from the United States and the notably pro-trade CATO institute, but they illuminate how the WTO looks at product standards and regulations.



        So under WTO rules, the UK can still have product standards. These product standards cannot, however, be tariffs in disguise. They cannot impose a regulatory burden on foreign importers and not domestic ones without a compelling reason.






        share|improve this answer






















          up vote
          1
          down vote










          up vote
          1
          down vote









          The UK could still have standards, but (from a CATO paper on regulatory protectionism)




          The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), one of the WTO’s
          core treaties drafted in 1947, does not stop at border measures but
          also requires national treatment of imports; that is, governments’
          domestic laws must treat imports the same as goods produced at home.




          This kind of thing can get tricky, since clever regulatory capture subtly takes ideas that seem to be defending consumers and promote them to the extent that their main effect is squashing competition. For example:




          The U.S. Food, Conservation and Energy Act of 2008 (popularly known as
          the “2008 farm bill”) included provisions requiring country-of-origin
          labeling (COOL) on all imported beef, chicken, lamb, pork, and goat
          meat and certain perishable commodities sold in retail outlets in the
          United States...



          A WTO panel found, and the Appellate Body confirmed, that mandatory
          COOL rules violate Article 2.1 of the TBT Agreement by treating
          imported livestock and meat from Canada and Mexico (the two
          complainants in the case) less favorably than similar domestically
          produced products. According to the Appellate Body report, the burden
          of maintaining detailed records, which caused harm to foreign
          livestock producers by increasing their costs, was not justified by
          the goal of informing consumers, because the information ultimately
          given to consumers was much less specific than what the processors
          were required to keep track of. This disparity sufficiently revealed
          the protectionist nature of the law.




          Another example comes from anti-smoking regulation




          In 2009 the Family Smoking Prevention and Control Act banned the sale
          of all flavored cigarettes in the United States, except menthols. Why
          the exception for menthols? It’s not because menthol cigarettes have
          fewer negative effects than other flavored cigarettes19 or because
          menthol cigarettes are less favored by new, underaged smokers than
          clove cigarettes.20 No, there are two reasons menthols were excluded.
          One, because they are popular—25 percent of all cigarettes smoked in
          the United States are menthols—especially among African-Americans (80
          percent of black smokers choose menthols). And two, because a ban on
          flavored nonmenthol cigarettes did not affect U.S. cigarette
          producers, only their foreign competition. The result was a ban on
          less popular flavored cigarettes from Indonesia but not on the
          flavored cigarettes made in the United States.



          The WTO found this law also to be inconsistent with U.S. obligations
          under the TBT Agreement. Here, the Appellate Body considered that
          prevention of youth smoking was a legitimate goal. They even accepted
          that treating cloves less favorably than menthols would be acceptable
          if that different treatment was based on a “legitimate regulatory
          distinction.”21 But they also recognized that exempting menthols did
          not further the stated goal of the regulation, because there was no
          evidence that young people would not choose to smoke menthols instead
          of cloves.




          These examples come from the United States and the notably pro-trade CATO institute, but they illuminate how the WTO looks at product standards and regulations.



          So under WTO rules, the UK can still have product standards. These product standards cannot, however, be tariffs in disguise. They cannot impose a regulatory burden on foreign importers and not domestic ones without a compelling reason.






          share|improve this answer












          The UK could still have standards, but (from a CATO paper on regulatory protectionism)




          The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), one of the WTO’s
          core treaties drafted in 1947, does not stop at border measures but
          also requires national treatment of imports; that is, governments’
          domestic laws must treat imports the same as goods produced at home.




          This kind of thing can get tricky, since clever regulatory capture subtly takes ideas that seem to be defending consumers and promote them to the extent that their main effect is squashing competition. For example:




          The U.S. Food, Conservation and Energy Act of 2008 (popularly known as
          the “2008 farm bill”) included provisions requiring country-of-origin
          labeling (COOL) on all imported beef, chicken, lamb, pork, and goat
          meat and certain perishable commodities sold in retail outlets in the
          United States...



          A WTO panel found, and the Appellate Body confirmed, that mandatory
          COOL rules violate Article 2.1 of the TBT Agreement by treating
          imported livestock and meat from Canada and Mexico (the two
          complainants in the case) less favorably than similar domestically
          produced products. According to the Appellate Body report, the burden
          of maintaining detailed records, which caused harm to foreign
          livestock producers by increasing their costs, was not justified by
          the goal of informing consumers, because the information ultimately
          given to consumers was much less specific than what the processors
          were required to keep track of. This disparity sufficiently revealed
          the protectionist nature of the law.




          Another example comes from anti-smoking regulation




          In 2009 the Family Smoking Prevention and Control Act banned the sale
          of all flavored cigarettes in the United States, except menthols. Why
          the exception for menthols? It’s not because menthol cigarettes have
          fewer negative effects than other flavored cigarettes19 or because
          menthol cigarettes are less favored by new, underaged smokers than
          clove cigarettes.20 No, there are two reasons menthols were excluded.
          One, because they are popular—25 percent of all cigarettes smoked in
          the United States are menthols—especially among African-Americans (80
          percent of black smokers choose menthols). And two, because a ban on
          flavored nonmenthol cigarettes did not affect U.S. cigarette
          producers, only their foreign competition. The result was a ban on
          less popular flavored cigarettes from Indonesia but not on the
          flavored cigarettes made in the United States.



          The WTO found this law also to be inconsistent with U.S. obligations
          under the TBT Agreement. Here, the Appellate Body considered that
          prevention of youth smoking was a legitimate goal. They even accepted
          that treating cloves less favorably than menthols would be acceptable
          if that different treatment was based on a “legitimate regulatory
          distinction.”21 But they also recognized that exempting menthols did
          not further the stated goal of the regulation, because there was no
          evidence that young people would not choose to smoke menthols instead
          of cloves.




          These examples come from the United States and the notably pro-trade CATO institute, but they illuminate how the WTO looks at product standards and regulations.



          So under WTO rules, the UK can still have product standards. These product standards cannot, however, be tariffs in disguise. They cannot impose a regulatory burden on foreign importers and not domestic ones without a compelling reason.







          share|improve this answer












          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer










          answered 28 mins ago









          lazarusL

          5,40722044




          5,40722044




















              up vote
              1
              down vote













              If there are no barriers then there can be no standards imposed on goods coming in to the country, as checking to see if goods meet those standards is itself a barrier that creates delays and costs for importers. A so-called "no tariff barrier" because it's not a direct financial penalty but nevertheless hinders free trade.



              In fact Singapore does have border controls and trade barriers. For example, most types of chewing gum are banned and cannot be imported. Checks at ports and borders prevent it entering the country.






              share|improve this answer
























                up vote
                1
                down vote













                If there are no barriers then there can be no standards imposed on goods coming in to the country, as checking to see if goods meet those standards is itself a barrier that creates delays and costs for importers. A so-called "no tariff barrier" because it's not a direct financial penalty but nevertheless hinders free trade.



                In fact Singapore does have border controls and trade barriers. For example, most types of chewing gum are banned and cannot be imported. Checks at ports and borders prevent it entering the country.






                share|improve this answer






















                  up vote
                  1
                  down vote










                  up vote
                  1
                  down vote









                  If there are no barriers then there can be no standards imposed on goods coming in to the country, as checking to see if goods meet those standards is itself a barrier that creates delays and costs for importers. A so-called "no tariff barrier" because it's not a direct financial penalty but nevertheless hinders free trade.



                  In fact Singapore does have border controls and trade barriers. For example, most types of chewing gum are banned and cannot be imported. Checks at ports and borders prevent it entering the country.






                  share|improve this answer












                  If there are no barriers then there can be no standards imposed on goods coming in to the country, as checking to see if goods meet those standards is itself a barrier that creates delays and costs for importers. A so-called "no tariff barrier" because it's not a direct financial penalty but nevertheless hinders free trade.



                  In fact Singapore does have border controls and trade barriers. For example, most types of chewing gum are banned and cannot be imported. Checks at ports and borders prevent it entering the country.







                  share|improve this answer












                  share|improve this answer



                  share|improve this answer










                  answered 21 mins ago









                  user

                  4,86521125




                  4,86521125



























                       

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