Any rectangular shape on a calculator numpad when divided by 11 gives an integer. Why?

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I have come across this fact a very long time ago, but I still can't tell why is this happening.



Given the standard calculators numpad:



7 8 9
4 5 6
1 2 3


if you dial any rectangular shape, going only in right angles and each shape consisting of 4 points, then the dialed number is always divisible by 11 without a remainder.



Examples of the shapes: 1254, 3179, 2893, 8569, 2871, and so on. It is not allowed to use zero, only digits 1..9.



UPDATE: The part of the question below proved to be an error on my part because I did not double-check what the Programmers calculator was showing, and it turned out that it was rounding the results.



The same rule also works even for the Programmer calculator layout on MS Windows 10 which looks like this:



A B 7 8 9
C D 4 5 6
E F 1 2 3


All valid rectangular shapes, for example, A85C, E25C, 39BF, and so on, being divided by 11 still give an integer result!



Initially I was thinking that it's just somehow tied to picking digits from the triplets and being just another peculiarity of the decimal base and number 11 and started looking this way, but discovering that it works for the hexidecimal base and even with the hex part of the keyboard layout not obeying exactly the pattern of the decimal part layout, I'm lost.



What law is this fun rule based on?










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  • 4




    A number is divisible by 11 iff the alternating sum of its digits is divisible by 11. Alternating sum means a-b+c-d+...
    – m_t_
    1 hour ago







  • 1




    @m_t_ indeed, all these numbers give 0 according to this rule! So, probably the answer then lies in congruency of how the digits get arranged on the keypad, that following the mentioned shape cancels out the sum, collapsing it to zero!
    – noncom
    1 hour ago






  • 1




    One second : $A85C$ is not a multiple of $11$ , and neither is $39BF$.
    – Ð°ÑÑ‚он вілла олоф мэллбэрг
    59 mins ago










  • @астонвіллаолофмэллбэрг hmm, indeed... neither it is a multiple of decimal or hexidecimal 11. Looks like that's simply the calculator doing the rounding! Gotta make corrections to the question
    – noncom
    21 mins ago






  • 1




    @noncom There is a different layout, other than the MS layout, which will lead to your "rectangle property" holding for that layout, for any non-prime base. You can see my edit below.
    – Ð°ÑÑ‚он вілла олоф мэллбэрг
    8 mins ago















up vote
6
down vote

favorite
2












I have come across this fact a very long time ago, but I still can't tell why is this happening.



Given the standard calculators numpad:



7 8 9
4 5 6
1 2 3


if you dial any rectangular shape, going only in right angles and each shape consisting of 4 points, then the dialed number is always divisible by 11 without a remainder.



Examples of the shapes: 1254, 3179, 2893, 8569, 2871, and so on. It is not allowed to use zero, only digits 1..9.



UPDATE: The part of the question below proved to be an error on my part because I did not double-check what the Programmers calculator was showing, and it turned out that it was rounding the results.



The same rule also works even for the Programmer calculator layout on MS Windows 10 which looks like this:



A B 7 8 9
C D 4 5 6
E F 1 2 3


All valid rectangular shapes, for example, A85C, E25C, 39BF, and so on, being divided by 11 still give an integer result!



Initially I was thinking that it's just somehow tied to picking digits from the triplets and being just another peculiarity of the decimal base and number 11 and started looking this way, but discovering that it works for the hexidecimal base and even with the hex part of the keyboard layout not obeying exactly the pattern of the decimal part layout, I'm lost.



What law is this fun rule based on?










share|cite|improve this question



















  • 4




    A number is divisible by 11 iff the alternating sum of its digits is divisible by 11. Alternating sum means a-b+c-d+...
    – m_t_
    1 hour ago







  • 1




    @m_t_ indeed, all these numbers give 0 according to this rule! So, probably the answer then lies in congruency of how the digits get arranged on the keypad, that following the mentioned shape cancels out the sum, collapsing it to zero!
    – noncom
    1 hour ago






  • 1




    One second : $A85C$ is not a multiple of $11$ , and neither is $39BF$.
    – Ð°ÑÑ‚он вілла олоф мэллбэрг
    59 mins ago










  • @астонвіллаолофмэллбэрг hmm, indeed... neither it is a multiple of decimal or hexidecimal 11. Looks like that's simply the calculator doing the rounding! Gotta make corrections to the question
    – noncom
    21 mins ago






  • 1




    @noncom There is a different layout, other than the MS layout, which will lead to your "rectangle property" holding for that layout, for any non-prime base. You can see my edit below.
    – Ð°ÑÑ‚он вілла олоф мэллбэрг
    8 mins ago













up vote
6
down vote

favorite
2









up vote
6
down vote

favorite
2






2





I have come across this fact a very long time ago, but I still can't tell why is this happening.



Given the standard calculators numpad:



7 8 9
4 5 6
1 2 3


if you dial any rectangular shape, going only in right angles and each shape consisting of 4 points, then the dialed number is always divisible by 11 without a remainder.



Examples of the shapes: 1254, 3179, 2893, 8569, 2871, and so on. It is not allowed to use zero, only digits 1..9.



UPDATE: The part of the question below proved to be an error on my part because I did not double-check what the Programmers calculator was showing, and it turned out that it was rounding the results.



The same rule also works even for the Programmer calculator layout on MS Windows 10 which looks like this:



A B 7 8 9
C D 4 5 6
E F 1 2 3


All valid rectangular shapes, for example, A85C, E25C, 39BF, and so on, being divided by 11 still give an integer result!



Initially I was thinking that it's just somehow tied to picking digits from the triplets and being just another peculiarity of the decimal base and number 11 and started looking this way, but discovering that it works for the hexidecimal base and even with the hex part of the keyboard layout not obeying exactly the pattern of the decimal part layout, I'm lost.



What law is this fun rule based on?










share|cite|improve this question















I have come across this fact a very long time ago, but I still can't tell why is this happening.



Given the standard calculators numpad:



7 8 9
4 5 6
1 2 3


if you dial any rectangular shape, going only in right angles and each shape consisting of 4 points, then the dialed number is always divisible by 11 without a remainder.



Examples of the shapes: 1254, 3179, 2893, 8569, 2871, and so on. It is not allowed to use zero, only digits 1..9.



UPDATE: The part of the question below proved to be an error on my part because I did not double-check what the Programmers calculator was showing, and it turned out that it was rounding the results.



The same rule also works even for the Programmer calculator layout on MS Windows 10 which looks like this:



A B 7 8 9
C D 4 5 6
E F 1 2 3


All valid rectangular shapes, for example, A85C, E25C, 39BF, and so on, being divided by 11 still give an integer result!



Initially I was thinking that it's just somehow tied to picking digits from the triplets and being just another peculiarity of the decimal base and number 11 and started looking this way, but discovering that it works for the hexidecimal base and even with the hex part of the keyboard layout not obeying exactly the pattern of the decimal part layout, I'm lost.



What law is this fun rule based on?







combinatorics number-theory permutations calculator






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edited 18 mins ago

























asked 1 hour ago









noncom

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  • 4




    A number is divisible by 11 iff the alternating sum of its digits is divisible by 11. Alternating sum means a-b+c-d+...
    – m_t_
    1 hour ago







  • 1




    @m_t_ indeed, all these numbers give 0 according to this rule! So, probably the answer then lies in congruency of how the digits get arranged on the keypad, that following the mentioned shape cancels out the sum, collapsing it to zero!
    – noncom
    1 hour ago






  • 1




    One second : $A85C$ is not a multiple of $11$ , and neither is $39BF$.
    – Ð°ÑÑ‚он вілла олоф мэллбэрг
    59 mins ago










  • @астонвіллаолофмэллбэрг hmm, indeed... neither it is a multiple of decimal or hexidecimal 11. Looks like that's simply the calculator doing the rounding! Gotta make corrections to the question
    – noncom
    21 mins ago






  • 1




    @noncom There is a different layout, other than the MS layout, which will lead to your "rectangle property" holding for that layout, for any non-prime base. You can see my edit below.
    – Ð°ÑÑ‚он вілла олоф мэллбэрг
    8 mins ago













  • 4




    A number is divisible by 11 iff the alternating sum of its digits is divisible by 11. Alternating sum means a-b+c-d+...
    – m_t_
    1 hour ago







  • 1




    @m_t_ indeed, all these numbers give 0 according to this rule! So, probably the answer then lies in congruency of how the digits get arranged on the keypad, that following the mentioned shape cancels out the sum, collapsing it to zero!
    – noncom
    1 hour ago






  • 1




    One second : $A85C$ is not a multiple of $11$ , and neither is $39BF$.
    – Ð°ÑÑ‚он вілла олоф мэллбэрг
    59 mins ago










  • @астонвіллаолофмэллбэрг hmm, indeed... neither it is a multiple of decimal or hexidecimal 11. Looks like that's simply the calculator doing the rounding! Gotta make corrections to the question
    – noncom
    21 mins ago






  • 1




    @noncom There is a different layout, other than the MS layout, which will lead to your "rectangle property" holding for that layout, for any non-prime base. You can see my edit below.
    – Ð°ÑÑ‚он вілла олоф мэллбэрг
    8 mins ago








4




4




A number is divisible by 11 iff the alternating sum of its digits is divisible by 11. Alternating sum means a-b+c-d+...
– m_t_
1 hour ago





A number is divisible by 11 iff the alternating sum of its digits is divisible by 11. Alternating sum means a-b+c-d+...
– m_t_
1 hour ago





1




1




@m_t_ indeed, all these numbers give 0 according to this rule! So, probably the answer then lies in congruency of how the digits get arranged on the keypad, that following the mentioned shape cancels out the sum, collapsing it to zero!
– noncom
1 hour ago




@m_t_ indeed, all these numbers give 0 according to this rule! So, probably the answer then lies in congruency of how the digits get arranged on the keypad, that following the mentioned shape cancels out the sum, collapsing it to zero!
– noncom
1 hour ago




1




1




One second : $A85C$ is not a multiple of $11$ , and neither is $39BF$.
– Ð°ÑÑ‚он вілла олоф мэллбэрг
59 mins ago




One second : $A85C$ is not a multiple of $11$ , and neither is $39BF$.
– Ð°ÑÑ‚он вілла олоф мэллбэрг
59 mins ago












@астонвіллаолофмэллбэрг hmm, indeed... neither it is a multiple of decimal or hexidecimal 11. Looks like that's simply the calculator doing the rounding! Gotta make corrections to the question
– noncom
21 mins ago




@астонвіллаолофмэллбэрг hmm, indeed... neither it is a multiple of decimal or hexidecimal 11. Looks like that's simply the calculator doing the rounding! Gotta make corrections to the question
– noncom
21 mins ago




1




1




@noncom There is a different layout, other than the MS layout, which will lead to your "rectangle property" holding for that layout, for any non-prime base. You can see my edit below.
– Ð°ÑÑ‚он вілла олоф мэллбэрг
8 mins ago





@noncom There is a different layout, other than the MS layout, which will lead to your "rectangle property" holding for that layout, for any non-prime base. You can see my edit below.
– Ð°ÑÑ‚он вілла олоф мэллбэрг
8 mins ago











3 Answers
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Since you are concerned only with rectangular patterns, you have four digit numbers in a certain base $l$, and you want to check divisibility by $11$, where $11 = l+1$.




When you have a four digit number in base $l$, write it as $al^3 + bl^2 + cl + d$, where $0 leq a,b,c,d < l$. (This represents the $l$-base number $overlineabcd$). Now, we have a cute fact : $l^3 + 1$ is a multiple of $l+1$, since $l^3+1 = (l^2 - l + 1)(l+1)$. Furthermore, $l^2 - 1 = (l-1)(l+1)$. Therefore, we make the following rewrite :
$$
al^3 + bl^2 + cl + d = a(l^3 + 1) + b(l^2 - 1) + c(l-1) - (a - b + c - d) \ = (l+1)(...) + ((b+d)-(a+c))
$$



where $l+1 = 11$ in base $l$.



Therefore, the remainder when $overlineabcd$ is divided by $11$ is $(b+d) - (a+c)$.




When you consider four numbers ($1 to 9$, since I found problems in the letters for hex) in a rectangle and form a four digit number out of them now, can you see why this number $(b+d) - (a+c)$ is in fact zero, therefore giving your desired result?






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    up vote
    2
    down vote













    Let's denote:



    • $d_1$: the left-bottom digit of such a rectangle

    • $h$: the horizontal distance (difference) to the next digit to the right

    • $v$: the vertical distance (difference) to the digit above $d_1$

    Then, the entered number $n$ starting at bottom-left going counterclockwise has the digits
    $$n = d_1d_2d_3d_4$$



    with



    • $d_2 = d_1 + h$

    • $d_3 = d_1 + h + v$

    • $d_4 = d_1 + v$

    Then, the alternating digit sum of the 4 digits is:
    $$d_1 - (d_1+h) + (d_1+h+v) - (d_1+v) = 0 Rightarrow n equiv 0 mbox mod 11$$



    This does not change with cyclic permutations of the digits.






    share|cite|improve this answer





























      up vote
      1
      down vote













      Note that any four digit number made from rectangular shape can be expressed in the $2times 2$ matrix form:
      $$beginpmatrix a&b\ c&dendpmatrix, \
      a=4,5,7,8; b=5,6,8,9;c=1,2,4,5; d=2,3,5,6.$$
      Divisibility of $overlinexyzw$ by $11$ is:
      $$overlinexyzwequiv (x+z)-(y+w)equiv 0 pmod11.$$
      Note that for all suitable numbers:
      $$(a+d)-(b+c)=0.$$
      The result follows.






      share|cite|improve this answer




















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        3 Answers
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        active

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        3 Answers
        3






        active

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        active

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        up vote
        4
        down vote













        Since you are concerned only with rectangular patterns, you have four digit numbers in a certain base $l$, and you want to check divisibility by $11$, where $11 = l+1$.




        When you have a four digit number in base $l$, write it as $al^3 + bl^2 + cl + d$, where $0 leq a,b,c,d < l$. (This represents the $l$-base number $overlineabcd$). Now, we have a cute fact : $l^3 + 1$ is a multiple of $l+1$, since $l^3+1 = (l^2 - l + 1)(l+1)$. Furthermore, $l^2 - 1 = (l-1)(l+1)$. Therefore, we make the following rewrite :
        $$
        al^3 + bl^2 + cl + d = a(l^3 + 1) + b(l^2 - 1) + c(l-1) - (a - b + c - d) \ = (l+1)(...) + ((b+d)-(a+c))
        $$



        where $l+1 = 11$ in base $l$.



        Therefore, the remainder when $overlineabcd$ is divided by $11$ is $(b+d) - (a+c)$.




        When you consider four numbers ($1 to 9$, since I found problems in the letters for hex) in a rectangle and form a four digit number out of them now, can you see why this number $(b+d) - (a+c)$ is in fact zero, therefore giving your desired result?






        share|cite|improve this answer


























          up vote
          4
          down vote













          Since you are concerned only with rectangular patterns, you have four digit numbers in a certain base $l$, and you want to check divisibility by $11$, where $11 = l+1$.




          When you have a four digit number in base $l$, write it as $al^3 + bl^2 + cl + d$, where $0 leq a,b,c,d < l$. (This represents the $l$-base number $overlineabcd$). Now, we have a cute fact : $l^3 + 1$ is a multiple of $l+1$, since $l^3+1 = (l^2 - l + 1)(l+1)$. Furthermore, $l^2 - 1 = (l-1)(l+1)$. Therefore, we make the following rewrite :
          $$
          al^3 + bl^2 + cl + d = a(l^3 + 1) + b(l^2 - 1) + c(l-1) - (a - b + c - d) \ = (l+1)(...) + ((b+d)-(a+c))
          $$



          where $l+1 = 11$ in base $l$.



          Therefore, the remainder when $overlineabcd$ is divided by $11$ is $(b+d) - (a+c)$.




          When you consider four numbers ($1 to 9$, since I found problems in the letters for hex) in a rectangle and form a four digit number out of them now, can you see why this number $(b+d) - (a+c)$ is in fact zero, therefore giving your desired result?






          share|cite|improve this answer
























            up vote
            4
            down vote










            up vote
            4
            down vote









            Since you are concerned only with rectangular patterns, you have four digit numbers in a certain base $l$, and you want to check divisibility by $11$, where $11 = l+1$.




            When you have a four digit number in base $l$, write it as $al^3 + bl^2 + cl + d$, where $0 leq a,b,c,d < l$. (This represents the $l$-base number $overlineabcd$). Now, we have a cute fact : $l^3 + 1$ is a multiple of $l+1$, since $l^3+1 = (l^2 - l + 1)(l+1)$. Furthermore, $l^2 - 1 = (l-1)(l+1)$. Therefore, we make the following rewrite :
            $$
            al^3 + bl^2 + cl + d = a(l^3 + 1) + b(l^2 - 1) + c(l-1) - (a - b + c - d) \ = (l+1)(...) + ((b+d)-(a+c))
            $$



            where $l+1 = 11$ in base $l$.



            Therefore, the remainder when $overlineabcd$ is divided by $11$ is $(b+d) - (a+c)$.




            When you consider four numbers ($1 to 9$, since I found problems in the letters for hex) in a rectangle and form a four digit number out of them now, can you see why this number $(b+d) - (a+c)$ is in fact zero, therefore giving your desired result?






            share|cite|improve this answer














            Since you are concerned only with rectangular patterns, you have four digit numbers in a certain base $l$, and you want to check divisibility by $11$, where $11 = l+1$.




            When you have a four digit number in base $l$, write it as $al^3 + bl^2 + cl + d$, where $0 leq a,b,c,d < l$. (This represents the $l$-base number $overlineabcd$). Now, we have a cute fact : $l^3 + 1$ is a multiple of $l+1$, since $l^3+1 = (l^2 - l + 1)(l+1)$. Furthermore, $l^2 - 1 = (l-1)(l+1)$. Therefore, we make the following rewrite :
            $$
            al^3 + bl^2 + cl + d = a(l^3 + 1) + b(l^2 - 1) + c(l-1) - (a - b + c - d) \ = (l+1)(...) + ((b+d)-(a+c))
            $$



            where $l+1 = 11$ in base $l$.



            Therefore, the remainder when $overlineabcd$ is divided by $11$ is $(b+d) - (a+c)$.




            When you consider four numbers ($1 to 9$, since I found problems in the letters for hex) in a rectangle and form a four digit number out of them now, can you see why this number $(b+d) - (a+c)$ is in fact zero, therefore giving your desired result?







            share|cite|improve this answer














            share|cite|improve this answer



            share|cite|improve this answer








            edited 57 mins ago

























            answered 1 hour ago









            астон вілла олоф мэллбэрг

            34k32871




            34k32871




















                up vote
                2
                down vote













                Let's denote:



                • $d_1$: the left-bottom digit of such a rectangle

                • $h$: the horizontal distance (difference) to the next digit to the right

                • $v$: the vertical distance (difference) to the digit above $d_1$

                Then, the entered number $n$ starting at bottom-left going counterclockwise has the digits
                $$n = d_1d_2d_3d_4$$



                with



                • $d_2 = d_1 + h$

                • $d_3 = d_1 + h + v$

                • $d_4 = d_1 + v$

                Then, the alternating digit sum of the 4 digits is:
                $$d_1 - (d_1+h) + (d_1+h+v) - (d_1+v) = 0 Rightarrow n equiv 0 mbox mod 11$$



                This does not change with cyclic permutations of the digits.






                share|cite|improve this answer


























                  up vote
                  2
                  down vote













                  Let's denote:



                  • $d_1$: the left-bottom digit of such a rectangle

                  • $h$: the horizontal distance (difference) to the next digit to the right

                  • $v$: the vertical distance (difference) to the digit above $d_1$

                  Then, the entered number $n$ starting at bottom-left going counterclockwise has the digits
                  $$n = d_1d_2d_3d_4$$



                  with



                  • $d_2 = d_1 + h$

                  • $d_3 = d_1 + h + v$

                  • $d_4 = d_1 + v$

                  Then, the alternating digit sum of the 4 digits is:
                  $$d_1 - (d_1+h) + (d_1+h+v) - (d_1+v) = 0 Rightarrow n equiv 0 mbox mod 11$$



                  This does not change with cyclic permutations of the digits.






                  share|cite|improve this answer
























                    up vote
                    2
                    down vote










                    up vote
                    2
                    down vote









                    Let's denote:



                    • $d_1$: the left-bottom digit of such a rectangle

                    • $h$: the horizontal distance (difference) to the next digit to the right

                    • $v$: the vertical distance (difference) to the digit above $d_1$

                    Then, the entered number $n$ starting at bottom-left going counterclockwise has the digits
                    $$n = d_1d_2d_3d_4$$



                    with



                    • $d_2 = d_1 + h$

                    • $d_3 = d_1 + h + v$

                    • $d_4 = d_1 + v$

                    Then, the alternating digit sum of the 4 digits is:
                    $$d_1 - (d_1+h) + (d_1+h+v) - (d_1+v) = 0 Rightarrow n equiv 0 mbox mod 11$$



                    This does not change with cyclic permutations of the digits.






                    share|cite|improve this answer














                    Let's denote:



                    • $d_1$: the left-bottom digit of such a rectangle

                    • $h$: the horizontal distance (difference) to the next digit to the right

                    • $v$: the vertical distance (difference) to the digit above $d_1$

                    Then, the entered number $n$ starting at bottom-left going counterclockwise has the digits
                    $$n = d_1d_2d_3d_4$$



                    with



                    • $d_2 = d_1 + h$

                    • $d_3 = d_1 + h + v$

                    • $d_4 = d_1 + v$

                    Then, the alternating digit sum of the 4 digits is:
                    $$d_1 - (d_1+h) + (d_1+h+v) - (d_1+v) = 0 Rightarrow n equiv 0 mbox mod 11$$



                    This does not change with cyclic permutations of the digits.







                    share|cite|improve this answer














                    share|cite|improve this answer



                    share|cite|improve this answer








                    edited 29 mins ago

























                    answered 50 mins ago









                    trancelocation

                    5,6551515




                    5,6551515




















                        up vote
                        1
                        down vote













                        Note that any four digit number made from rectangular shape can be expressed in the $2times 2$ matrix form:
                        $$beginpmatrix a&b\ c&dendpmatrix, \
                        a=4,5,7,8; b=5,6,8,9;c=1,2,4,5; d=2,3,5,6.$$
                        Divisibility of $overlinexyzw$ by $11$ is:
                        $$overlinexyzwequiv (x+z)-(y+w)equiv 0 pmod11.$$
                        Note that for all suitable numbers:
                        $$(a+d)-(b+c)=0.$$
                        The result follows.






                        share|cite|improve this answer
























                          up vote
                          1
                          down vote













                          Note that any four digit number made from rectangular shape can be expressed in the $2times 2$ matrix form:
                          $$beginpmatrix a&b\ c&dendpmatrix, \
                          a=4,5,7,8; b=5,6,8,9;c=1,2,4,5; d=2,3,5,6.$$
                          Divisibility of $overlinexyzw$ by $11$ is:
                          $$overlinexyzwequiv (x+z)-(y+w)equiv 0 pmod11.$$
                          Note that for all suitable numbers:
                          $$(a+d)-(b+c)=0.$$
                          The result follows.






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                            Note that any four digit number made from rectangular shape can be expressed in the $2times 2$ matrix form:
                            $$beginpmatrix a&b\ c&dendpmatrix, \
                            a=4,5,7,8; b=5,6,8,9;c=1,2,4,5; d=2,3,5,6.$$
                            Divisibility of $overlinexyzw$ by $11$ is:
                            $$overlinexyzwequiv (x+z)-(y+w)equiv 0 pmod11.$$
                            Note that for all suitable numbers:
                            $$(a+d)-(b+c)=0.$$
                            The result follows.






                            share|cite|improve this answer












                            Note that any four digit number made from rectangular shape can be expressed in the $2times 2$ matrix form:
                            $$beginpmatrix a&b\ c&dendpmatrix, \
                            a=4,5,7,8; b=5,6,8,9;c=1,2,4,5; d=2,3,5,6.$$
                            Divisibility of $overlinexyzw$ by $11$ is:
                            $$overlinexyzwequiv (x+z)-(y+w)equiv 0 pmod11.$$
                            Note that for all suitable numbers:
                            $$(a+d)-(b+c)=0.$$
                            The result follows.







                            share|cite|improve this answer












                            share|cite|improve this answer



                            share|cite|improve this answer










                            answered 15 mins ago









                            farruhota

                            15.4k2734




                            15.4k2734



























                                 

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