Is my understanding right about the actual differences between 240p and 480i

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After reading around on the web, including the authoritative site Scanlines Demystified I still am having trouble understanding the difference in signal between 240p and 480i. After reading the wiki on NTSC it appears as though a tv will flicker 60 times per second, alternating between odd fields and even fields. 480i matches that standard, providing 240 lines of data in one draw and then another 240 for the next draw.



My understanding is then that 240p is still a 480i signal but only sends half (one field) of data. So one field is full of color, the next one is black. This results in the recognizable scanlines. Apparently the Framemeister has difficulty with changing between 240p to 480i. Is this just because it has different processing techniques when it detects a 480i signal or a 240p signal?



Also, why do people talk about some games rendering at higher resolutions? Is this just a super-sampling anti-aliasing technique (because the signal is downsampled to 480i)?










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    After reading around on the web, including the authoritative site Scanlines Demystified I still am having trouble understanding the difference in signal between 240p and 480i. After reading the wiki on NTSC it appears as though a tv will flicker 60 times per second, alternating between odd fields and even fields. 480i matches that standard, providing 240 lines of data in one draw and then another 240 for the next draw.



    My understanding is then that 240p is still a 480i signal but only sends half (one field) of data. So one field is full of color, the next one is black. This results in the recognizable scanlines. Apparently the Framemeister has difficulty with changing between 240p to 480i. Is this just because it has different processing techniques when it detects a 480i signal or a 240p signal?



    Also, why do people talk about some games rendering at higher resolutions? Is this just a super-sampling anti-aliasing technique (because the signal is downsampled to 480i)?










    share|improve this question







    New contributor




    BobtheMagicMoose is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
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      up vote
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      up vote
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      down vote

      favorite











      After reading around on the web, including the authoritative site Scanlines Demystified I still am having trouble understanding the difference in signal between 240p and 480i. After reading the wiki on NTSC it appears as though a tv will flicker 60 times per second, alternating between odd fields and even fields. 480i matches that standard, providing 240 lines of data in one draw and then another 240 for the next draw.



      My understanding is then that 240p is still a 480i signal but only sends half (one field) of data. So one field is full of color, the next one is black. This results in the recognizable scanlines. Apparently the Framemeister has difficulty with changing between 240p to 480i. Is this just because it has different processing techniques when it detects a 480i signal or a 240p signal?



      Also, why do people talk about some games rendering at higher resolutions? Is this just a super-sampling anti-aliasing technique (because the signal is downsampled to 480i)?










      share|improve this question







      New contributor




      BobtheMagicMoose is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
      Check out our Code of Conduct.











      After reading around on the web, including the authoritative site Scanlines Demystified I still am having trouble understanding the difference in signal between 240p and 480i. After reading the wiki on NTSC it appears as though a tv will flicker 60 times per second, alternating between odd fields and even fields. 480i matches that standard, providing 240 lines of data in one draw and then another 240 for the next draw.



      My understanding is then that 240p is still a 480i signal but only sends half (one field) of data. So one field is full of color, the next one is black. This results in the recognizable scanlines. Apparently the Framemeister has difficulty with changing between 240p to 480i. Is this just because it has different processing techniques when it detects a 480i signal or a 240p signal?



      Also, why do people talk about some games rendering at higher resolutions? Is this just a super-sampling anti-aliasing technique (because the signal is downsampled to 480i)?







      hardware video hardware-mods






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      BobtheMagicMoose is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
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          2 Answers
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          240p means a field is sent out 60 times a second. The scanline "gap" between lines is just a consequence of how the CRT beam sweeps across the display.



          It's colored black because the beam isn't illuminating the phosphors on the tube so they remain dark, though as you turn up the brightness the scanned area above and below will bleed into that area and make the dark area smaller.



          480i means that two fields are sent out alternating at 30 Hz. The second field is offset in time such that it occupies the gap of the previous field. Due to persistence of vision we see this as a 480-line tall frame that updates at 60 Hz, though technically only the even or odd lines are updating at every 60 Hz interval.



          This is why if you play a game running at 480i and pan the camera around you will see every other line lag slightly, because one field shows the even lines with the camera at one position, and the other field shows the odd lines with the camera at a slightly different position.



          An uncommon variant is to output a 480i display but send the same field data on both frames. The resolution is effectively 240 lines, but it looks brighter as the second field is occupying the gaps between the lines of the first field. Some consoles can do this.






          share|improve this answer


















          • 1




            "though as you turn up the brightness the scanned area above and below will bleed into that area and make the dark area smaller." - With real CRT (of that time) you won't even need to do so, as they mix up anyway. It's just modern LCD plus missinterpreting deinterlacers that add dark lines. After all, many of these problems are not so much originated in original hardware setups but rather modern technology working different.
            – Raffzahn
            3 hours ago











          • Oh I meant on my CRT when I max out brightness/contrast the gap between scanlines is quite smaller as the lines bloom/bleed into the empty space. I guess I was trying to imply that there is some leakage into the empty area so it isn't really empty. :)
            – raisin-wrangler
            3 hours ago










          • Understood. Still, it depends a lot on your CRT. There are uge differences between 1980s and 190s CRT - as teh later where of much higher quality, often already digital internal
            – Raffzahn
            3 hours ago










          • "240p means a field is sent out 60 times a second. The scanline "gap" between lines is just a consequence of how the CRT beam sweeps across the display." - 1 question: Wouldn't this cause sequential frames to be offset by 1 line because the first frame would be rendered on the even lines while the next frame would be rendered on odd lines? Would game engines account for that? Do upscalers just double odd frames down and even frames up?
            – BobtheMagicMoose
            1 hour ago










          • The offset that makes a frame occupy the even or odd lines is controllable on a frame-by frame basis by the video hardware, so for 480i it adds that offset to every other frame, and for 240p there is no offset added. That way even and odd frames in 240p occupy the same physical lines on the screen consistently, which is why the scanline gap also remains consistent across frames.
            – raisin-wrangler
            41 mins ago

















          up vote
          1
          down vote













          480i (480 lines interlaced) is when the even numbered rows are drawn on the screen in 1/30 second, then the odd numbered rows in the next 1/30 second, then the even rows again and so on. The even rows are one "field" and the odd rows are another field, and the two fields combine to form a "frame," so it's 60 fields per second or 30 frames per second.



          240p (240 lines progressive) moves the even field down 1/2 row and the odd field up 1/2 row so now a frame is only 240 lines but it draws it 60 times per second. You can see scanlines because now nothing is being drawn between those 240 lines like with 480i.



          That's NTSC. PAL is 576i at 25 frames or 50 fields per second, and 288p at 50 frames per second.






          share|improve this answer




















          • So does the TV "know" that it is receiving 240p vs 480i?
            – BobtheMagicMoose
            22 mins ago






          • 1




            It would need some smarts to determine that the even and odd scan lines coincide on the screen. Analog TVs don't care, but digital TVs might.
            – traal
            16 mins ago










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          2 Answers
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          2 Answers
          2






          active

          oldest

          votes









          active

          oldest

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          active

          oldest

          votes








          up vote
          4
          down vote



          accepted










          240p means a field is sent out 60 times a second. The scanline "gap" between lines is just a consequence of how the CRT beam sweeps across the display.



          It's colored black because the beam isn't illuminating the phosphors on the tube so they remain dark, though as you turn up the brightness the scanned area above and below will bleed into that area and make the dark area smaller.



          480i means that two fields are sent out alternating at 30 Hz. The second field is offset in time such that it occupies the gap of the previous field. Due to persistence of vision we see this as a 480-line tall frame that updates at 60 Hz, though technically only the even or odd lines are updating at every 60 Hz interval.



          This is why if you play a game running at 480i and pan the camera around you will see every other line lag slightly, because one field shows the even lines with the camera at one position, and the other field shows the odd lines with the camera at a slightly different position.



          An uncommon variant is to output a 480i display but send the same field data on both frames. The resolution is effectively 240 lines, but it looks brighter as the second field is occupying the gaps between the lines of the first field. Some consoles can do this.






          share|improve this answer


















          • 1




            "though as you turn up the brightness the scanned area above and below will bleed into that area and make the dark area smaller." - With real CRT (of that time) you won't even need to do so, as they mix up anyway. It's just modern LCD plus missinterpreting deinterlacers that add dark lines. After all, many of these problems are not so much originated in original hardware setups but rather modern technology working different.
            – Raffzahn
            3 hours ago











          • Oh I meant on my CRT when I max out brightness/contrast the gap between scanlines is quite smaller as the lines bloom/bleed into the empty space. I guess I was trying to imply that there is some leakage into the empty area so it isn't really empty. :)
            – raisin-wrangler
            3 hours ago










          • Understood. Still, it depends a lot on your CRT. There are uge differences between 1980s and 190s CRT - as teh later where of much higher quality, often already digital internal
            – Raffzahn
            3 hours ago










          • "240p means a field is sent out 60 times a second. The scanline "gap" between lines is just a consequence of how the CRT beam sweeps across the display." - 1 question: Wouldn't this cause sequential frames to be offset by 1 line because the first frame would be rendered on the even lines while the next frame would be rendered on odd lines? Would game engines account for that? Do upscalers just double odd frames down and even frames up?
            – BobtheMagicMoose
            1 hour ago










          • The offset that makes a frame occupy the even or odd lines is controllable on a frame-by frame basis by the video hardware, so for 480i it adds that offset to every other frame, and for 240p there is no offset added. That way even and odd frames in 240p occupy the same physical lines on the screen consistently, which is why the scanline gap also remains consistent across frames.
            – raisin-wrangler
            41 mins ago














          up vote
          4
          down vote



          accepted










          240p means a field is sent out 60 times a second. The scanline "gap" between lines is just a consequence of how the CRT beam sweeps across the display.



          It's colored black because the beam isn't illuminating the phosphors on the tube so they remain dark, though as you turn up the brightness the scanned area above and below will bleed into that area and make the dark area smaller.



          480i means that two fields are sent out alternating at 30 Hz. The second field is offset in time such that it occupies the gap of the previous field. Due to persistence of vision we see this as a 480-line tall frame that updates at 60 Hz, though technically only the even or odd lines are updating at every 60 Hz interval.



          This is why if you play a game running at 480i and pan the camera around you will see every other line lag slightly, because one field shows the even lines with the camera at one position, and the other field shows the odd lines with the camera at a slightly different position.



          An uncommon variant is to output a 480i display but send the same field data on both frames. The resolution is effectively 240 lines, but it looks brighter as the second field is occupying the gaps between the lines of the first field. Some consoles can do this.






          share|improve this answer


















          • 1




            "though as you turn up the brightness the scanned area above and below will bleed into that area and make the dark area smaller." - With real CRT (of that time) you won't even need to do so, as they mix up anyway. It's just modern LCD plus missinterpreting deinterlacers that add dark lines. After all, many of these problems are not so much originated in original hardware setups but rather modern technology working different.
            – Raffzahn
            3 hours ago











          • Oh I meant on my CRT when I max out brightness/contrast the gap between scanlines is quite smaller as the lines bloom/bleed into the empty space. I guess I was trying to imply that there is some leakage into the empty area so it isn't really empty. :)
            – raisin-wrangler
            3 hours ago










          • Understood. Still, it depends a lot on your CRT. There are uge differences between 1980s and 190s CRT - as teh later where of much higher quality, often already digital internal
            – Raffzahn
            3 hours ago










          • "240p means a field is sent out 60 times a second. The scanline "gap" between lines is just a consequence of how the CRT beam sweeps across the display." - 1 question: Wouldn't this cause sequential frames to be offset by 1 line because the first frame would be rendered on the even lines while the next frame would be rendered on odd lines? Would game engines account for that? Do upscalers just double odd frames down and even frames up?
            – BobtheMagicMoose
            1 hour ago










          • The offset that makes a frame occupy the even or odd lines is controllable on a frame-by frame basis by the video hardware, so for 480i it adds that offset to every other frame, and for 240p there is no offset added. That way even and odd frames in 240p occupy the same physical lines on the screen consistently, which is why the scanline gap also remains consistent across frames.
            – raisin-wrangler
            41 mins ago












          up vote
          4
          down vote



          accepted







          up vote
          4
          down vote



          accepted






          240p means a field is sent out 60 times a second. The scanline "gap" between lines is just a consequence of how the CRT beam sweeps across the display.



          It's colored black because the beam isn't illuminating the phosphors on the tube so they remain dark, though as you turn up the brightness the scanned area above and below will bleed into that area and make the dark area smaller.



          480i means that two fields are sent out alternating at 30 Hz. The second field is offset in time such that it occupies the gap of the previous field. Due to persistence of vision we see this as a 480-line tall frame that updates at 60 Hz, though technically only the even or odd lines are updating at every 60 Hz interval.



          This is why if you play a game running at 480i and pan the camera around you will see every other line lag slightly, because one field shows the even lines with the camera at one position, and the other field shows the odd lines with the camera at a slightly different position.



          An uncommon variant is to output a 480i display but send the same field data on both frames. The resolution is effectively 240 lines, but it looks brighter as the second field is occupying the gaps between the lines of the first field. Some consoles can do this.






          share|improve this answer














          240p means a field is sent out 60 times a second. The scanline "gap" between lines is just a consequence of how the CRT beam sweeps across the display.



          It's colored black because the beam isn't illuminating the phosphors on the tube so they remain dark, though as you turn up the brightness the scanned area above and below will bleed into that area and make the dark area smaller.



          480i means that two fields are sent out alternating at 30 Hz. The second field is offset in time such that it occupies the gap of the previous field. Due to persistence of vision we see this as a 480-line tall frame that updates at 60 Hz, though technically only the even or odd lines are updating at every 60 Hz interval.



          This is why if you play a game running at 480i and pan the camera around you will see every other line lag slightly, because one field shows the even lines with the camera at one position, and the other field shows the odd lines with the camera at a slightly different position.



          An uncommon variant is to output a 480i display but send the same field data on both frames. The resolution is effectively 240 lines, but it looks brighter as the second field is occupying the gaps between the lines of the first field. Some consoles can do this.







          share|improve this answer














          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer








          edited 1 hour ago

























          answered 3 hours ago









          raisin-wrangler

          99026




          99026







          • 1




            "though as you turn up the brightness the scanned area above and below will bleed into that area and make the dark area smaller." - With real CRT (of that time) you won't even need to do so, as they mix up anyway. It's just modern LCD plus missinterpreting deinterlacers that add dark lines. After all, many of these problems are not so much originated in original hardware setups but rather modern technology working different.
            – Raffzahn
            3 hours ago











          • Oh I meant on my CRT when I max out brightness/contrast the gap between scanlines is quite smaller as the lines bloom/bleed into the empty space. I guess I was trying to imply that there is some leakage into the empty area so it isn't really empty. :)
            – raisin-wrangler
            3 hours ago










          • Understood. Still, it depends a lot on your CRT. There are uge differences between 1980s and 190s CRT - as teh later where of much higher quality, often already digital internal
            – Raffzahn
            3 hours ago










          • "240p means a field is sent out 60 times a second. The scanline "gap" between lines is just a consequence of how the CRT beam sweeps across the display." - 1 question: Wouldn't this cause sequential frames to be offset by 1 line because the first frame would be rendered on the even lines while the next frame would be rendered on odd lines? Would game engines account for that? Do upscalers just double odd frames down and even frames up?
            – BobtheMagicMoose
            1 hour ago










          • The offset that makes a frame occupy the even or odd lines is controllable on a frame-by frame basis by the video hardware, so for 480i it adds that offset to every other frame, and for 240p there is no offset added. That way even and odd frames in 240p occupy the same physical lines on the screen consistently, which is why the scanline gap also remains consistent across frames.
            – raisin-wrangler
            41 mins ago












          • 1




            "though as you turn up the brightness the scanned area above and below will bleed into that area and make the dark area smaller." - With real CRT (of that time) you won't even need to do so, as they mix up anyway. It's just modern LCD plus missinterpreting deinterlacers that add dark lines. After all, many of these problems are not so much originated in original hardware setups but rather modern technology working different.
            – Raffzahn
            3 hours ago











          • Oh I meant on my CRT when I max out brightness/contrast the gap between scanlines is quite smaller as the lines bloom/bleed into the empty space. I guess I was trying to imply that there is some leakage into the empty area so it isn't really empty. :)
            – raisin-wrangler
            3 hours ago










          • Understood. Still, it depends a lot on your CRT. There are uge differences between 1980s and 190s CRT - as teh later where of much higher quality, often already digital internal
            – Raffzahn
            3 hours ago










          • "240p means a field is sent out 60 times a second. The scanline "gap" between lines is just a consequence of how the CRT beam sweeps across the display." - 1 question: Wouldn't this cause sequential frames to be offset by 1 line because the first frame would be rendered on the even lines while the next frame would be rendered on odd lines? Would game engines account for that? Do upscalers just double odd frames down and even frames up?
            – BobtheMagicMoose
            1 hour ago










          • The offset that makes a frame occupy the even or odd lines is controllable on a frame-by frame basis by the video hardware, so for 480i it adds that offset to every other frame, and for 240p there is no offset added. That way even and odd frames in 240p occupy the same physical lines on the screen consistently, which is why the scanline gap also remains consistent across frames.
            – raisin-wrangler
            41 mins ago







          1




          1




          "though as you turn up the brightness the scanned area above and below will bleed into that area and make the dark area smaller." - With real CRT (of that time) you won't even need to do so, as they mix up anyway. It's just modern LCD plus missinterpreting deinterlacers that add dark lines. After all, many of these problems are not so much originated in original hardware setups but rather modern technology working different.
          – Raffzahn
          3 hours ago





          "though as you turn up the brightness the scanned area above and below will bleed into that area and make the dark area smaller." - With real CRT (of that time) you won't even need to do so, as they mix up anyway. It's just modern LCD plus missinterpreting deinterlacers that add dark lines. After all, many of these problems are not so much originated in original hardware setups but rather modern technology working different.
          – Raffzahn
          3 hours ago













          Oh I meant on my CRT when I max out brightness/contrast the gap between scanlines is quite smaller as the lines bloom/bleed into the empty space. I guess I was trying to imply that there is some leakage into the empty area so it isn't really empty. :)
          – raisin-wrangler
          3 hours ago




          Oh I meant on my CRT when I max out brightness/contrast the gap between scanlines is quite smaller as the lines bloom/bleed into the empty space. I guess I was trying to imply that there is some leakage into the empty area so it isn't really empty. :)
          – raisin-wrangler
          3 hours ago












          Understood. Still, it depends a lot on your CRT. There are uge differences between 1980s and 190s CRT - as teh later where of much higher quality, often already digital internal
          – Raffzahn
          3 hours ago




          Understood. Still, it depends a lot on your CRT. There are uge differences between 1980s and 190s CRT - as teh later where of much higher quality, often already digital internal
          – Raffzahn
          3 hours ago












          "240p means a field is sent out 60 times a second. The scanline "gap" between lines is just a consequence of how the CRT beam sweeps across the display." - 1 question: Wouldn't this cause sequential frames to be offset by 1 line because the first frame would be rendered on the even lines while the next frame would be rendered on odd lines? Would game engines account for that? Do upscalers just double odd frames down and even frames up?
          – BobtheMagicMoose
          1 hour ago




          "240p means a field is sent out 60 times a second. The scanline "gap" between lines is just a consequence of how the CRT beam sweeps across the display." - 1 question: Wouldn't this cause sequential frames to be offset by 1 line because the first frame would be rendered on the even lines while the next frame would be rendered on odd lines? Would game engines account for that? Do upscalers just double odd frames down and even frames up?
          – BobtheMagicMoose
          1 hour ago












          The offset that makes a frame occupy the even or odd lines is controllable on a frame-by frame basis by the video hardware, so for 480i it adds that offset to every other frame, and for 240p there is no offset added. That way even and odd frames in 240p occupy the same physical lines on the screen consistently, which is why the scanline gap also remains consistent across frames.
          – raisin-wrangler
          41 mins ago




          The offset that makes a frame occupy the even or odd lines is controllable on a frame-by frame basis by the video hardware, so for 480i it adds that offset to every other frame, and for 240p there is no offset added. That way even and odd frames in 240p occupy the same physical lines on the screen consistently, which is why the scanline gap also remains consistent across frames.
          – raisin-wrangler
          41 mins ago










          up vote
          1
          down vote













          480i (480 lines interlaced) is when the even numbered rows are drawn on the screen in 1/30 second, then the odd numbered rows in the next 1/30 second, then the even rows again and so on. The even rows are one "field" and the odd rows are another field, and the two fields combine to form a "frame," so it's 60 fields per second or 30 frames per second.



          240p (240 lines progressive) moves the even field down 1/2 row and the odd field up 1/2 row so now a frame is only 240 lines but it draws it 60 times per second. You can see scanlines because now nothing is being drawn between those 240 lines like with 480i.



          That's NTSC. PAL is 576i at 25 frames or 50 fields per second, and 288p at 50 frames per second.






          share|improve this answer




















          • So does the TV "know" that it is receiving 240p vs 480i?
            – BobtheMagicMoose
            22 mins ago






          • 1




            It would need some smarts to determine that the even and odd scan lines coincide on the screen. Analog TVs don't care, but digital TVs might.
            – traal
            16 mins ago














          up vote
          1
          down vote













          480i (480 lines interlaced) is when the even numbered rows are drawn on the screen in 1/30 second, then the odd numbered rows in the next 1/30 second, then the even rows again and so on. The even rows are one "field" and the odd rows are another field, and the two fields combine to form a "frame," so it's 60 fields per second or 30 frames per second.



          240p (240 lines progressive) moves the even field down 1/2 row and the odd field up 1/2 row so now a frame is only 240 lines but it draws it 60 times per second. You can see scanlines because now nothing is being drawn between those 240 lines like with 480i.



          That's NTSC. PAL is 576i at 25 frames or 50 fields per second, and 288p at 50 frames per second.






          share|improve this answer




















          • So does the TV "know" that it is receiving 240p vs 480i?
            – BobtheMagicMoose
            22 mins ago






          • 1




            It would need some smarts to determine that the even and odd scan lines coincide on the screen. Analog TVs don't care, but digital TVs might.
            – traal
            16 mins ago












          up vote
          1
          down vote










          up vote
          1
          down vote









          480i (480 lines interlaced) is when the even numbered rows are drawn on the screen in 1/30 second, then the odd numbered rows in the next 1/30 second, then the even rows again and so on. The even rows are one "field" and the odd rows are another field, and the two fields combine to form a "frame," so it's 60 fields per second or 30 frames per second.



          240p (240 lines progressive) moves the even field down 1/2 row and the odd field up 1/2 row so now a frame is only 240 lines but it draws it 60 times per second. You can see scanlines because now nothing is being drawn between those 240 lines like with 480i.



          That's NTSC. PAL is 576i at 25 frames or 50 fields per second, and 288p at 50 frames per second.






          share|improve this answer












          480i (480 lines interlaced) is when the even numbered rows are drawn on the screen in 1/30 second, then the odd numbered rows in the next 1/30 second, then the even rows again and so on. The even rows are one "field" and the odd rows are another field, and the two fields combine to form a "frame," so it's 60 fields per second or 30 frames per second.



          240p (240 lines progressive) moves the even field down 1/2 row and the odd field up 1/2 row so now a frame is only 240 lines but it draws it 60 times per second. You can see scanlines because now nothing is being drawn between those 240 lines like with 480i.



          That's NTSC. PAL is 576i at 25 frames or 50 fields per second, and 288p at 50 frames per second.







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          answered 30 mins ago









          traal

          7,35012361




          7,35012361











          • So does the TV "know" that it is receiving 240p vs 480i?
            – BobtheMagicMoose
            22 mins ago






          • 1




            It would need some smarts to determine that the even and odd scan lines coincide on the screen. Analog TVs don't care, but digital TVs might.
            – traal
            16 mins ago
















          • So does the TV "know" that it is receiving 240p vs 480i?
            – BobtheMagicMoose
            22 mins ago






          • 1




            It would need some smarts to determine that the even and odd scan lines coincide on the screen. Analog TVs don't care, but digital TVs might.
            – traal
            16 mins ago















          So does the TV "know" that it is receiving 240p vs 480i?
          – BobtheMagicMoose
          22 mins ago




          So does the TV "know" that it is receiving 240p vs 480i?
          – BobtheMagicMoose
          22 mins ago




          1




          1




          It would need some smarts to determine that the even and odd scan lines coincide on the screen. Analog TVs don't care, but digital TVs might.
          – traal
          16 mins ago




          It would need some smarts to determine that the even and odd scan lines coincide on the screen. Analog TVs don't care, but digital TVs might.
          – traal
          16 mins ago










          BobtheMagicMoose is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.









           

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          BobtheMagicMoose is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.












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