Purpose of the European Arrest Warrant
Clash Royale CLAN TAG#URR8PPP
up vote
4
down vote
favorite
In 2005, Osman Hussain, who tried to blow up the London Underground on 21st July that year, was extradited from Italy using the European Arrest Warrant.
This is held up as an example of the utility of the EAW. But is it true that a terrorist like Osman could not be extradited from Italy to the UK without the EAW, particularly in light of the existence of Interpol?
united-kingdom european-union crime
add a comment |Â
up vote
4
down vote
favorite
In 2005, Osman Hussain, who tried to blow up the London Underground on 21st July that year, was extradited from Italy using the European Arrest Warrant.
This is held up as an example of the utility of the EAW. But is it true that a terrorist like Osman could not be extradited from Italy to the UK without the EAW, particularly in light of the existence of Interpol?
united-kingdom european-union crime
add a comment |Â
up vote
4
down vote
favorite
up vote
4
down vote
favorite
In 2005, Osman Hussain, who tried to blow up the London Underground on 21st July that year, was extradited from Italy using the European Arrest Warrant.
This is held up as an example of the utility of the EAW. But is it true that a terrorist like Osman could not be extradited from Italy to the UK without the EAW, particularly in light of the existence of Interpol?
united-kingdom european-union crime
In 2005, Osman Hussain, who tried to blow up the London Underground on 21st July that year, was extradited from Italy using the European Arrest Warrant.
This is held up as an example of the utility of the EAW. But is it true that a terrorist like Osman could not be extradited from Italy to the UK without the EAW, particularly in light of the existence of Interpol?
united-kingdom european-union crime
united-kingdom european-union crime
asked 3 hours ago
Ben
1,462718
1,462718
add a comment |Â
add a comment |Â
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
up vote
7
down vote
It could, but you would need to initiate an extradition process. Extradition processes depend on bilateral treaties (if you don't have one with the country the criminal is in, you can't get him/her extradited) and generally are a long, twisted, problematic burocratic nightmare.
The EAW was created to ease that processes. Essentially it assumes that all the judiciary systems among UE members are fair, and thus detainees are going to have a fair trial anywhere so, for some types of crimes which exist in all of the countries, such arson, rape, murder, kidnapping or trafficking, no dual-criminality checks or other judicial burdens are made on the detainees, greatly speeding their surrendering to the requiring state.
Have discrepancies between judicial systems proven problematic in practice?
â Ben
2 hours ago
2
Yes. Even with the EAW there have been problems. Spain tried to have Catalan president Carles Puigdemont extradited from Germany. The crimes levelled against him, however, are not (all) in the EAW list, so the german judge took several weeks to investigate the case, then denied the extradition for "rebellion". Which, in practice means that 8 catalan politicians are going to stand trial this next spring while 9 are free from prosecution. Switzerland tried to get Falciani extradited from Spain, who refused. At best, extradition is longer and messier than EAW. At worst, it may be refused.
â Rekesoft
1 hour ago
So a EAW member state may exercise discretion (per the German/Spain example) as to whether to permit the extradition? For example, if an action is not viewed as a crime in the accusedâÂÂs location (eg. Blasphemy), can that person be extracted forcefully over and above local laws?
â Ben
1 hour ago
Nope. I'll edit my answer to clarify.
â Rekesoft
38 mins ago
add a comment |Â
up vote
4
down vote
The common process of extradition, even between allied states, is lengthy and costly. The European Commission regularly makes factsheets for this and other subjects (PDF):
The European Justice portal also has a lot of information about this subject including statistics about its use:
The previous average of extradition time of 1 year dropped to 48 days:
How much faster are extradition proceedings now?
Before the EAW was introduced extradition used to take an average of
one year, but now that has been cut to an average of 48 days, the
European Commission says. A suspect must be handed over within a
maximum of 90 days after arrest. In cases where a suspect agrees to
surrender the average extradition time is 16 days.
Streamlining the process made extradition easier with fewer costs. In fact some controversy has risen due to the misuse of the EAW. Some examples are:
It results from the evaluation visits that EAWs have been issued in
cases such as the following:
- detention of 0.45 grams of cannabis;
- detention of 1.5 grams of marijuana;
- detention of 0.15 grams of heroin;
- detention of 3 ecstasy tablets;
- theft of two car tyres;
- driving a car under the influence of alcohol, where the limit was not significantly exceeded (0.81 mg/l)
- theft of a piglet
Calling an EAW for trivial cases is something actively being discouraged by the European Commission.
Thank you. I have heard that the EAW somehow imperils habeas corpus, Is that because it enables extradition into jurisdictions where imprisonment for extended periods while awaiting trial is possible?
â Ben
1 hour ago
@Ben I'm not aware of any impediment to Habeas Corpus, including for non-EU citizens. As far as I know you are always entitled to legal representation (in the surrendering country) and the EAW itself must follow ECHR (yet another connection to one of your questions).
â armatita
1 hour ago
Thank you. Can the extraditee state request evidence for the crime being accused to ensure the arrest meets local laws (for example for the crime of blasphemy)? And can the extraditee state exercise discretion when responding to a request? ie choose to reject it
â Ben
50 mins ago
@Ben Yes. In fact in the table presented in this answer you'll see that the number of issued EAW is quite different from the number of executed. There are a considerable number of rejections every year. The EAW is a facilitator, not a replacement for national law. You can find more information in the European Justice Portal which has a few documents with questionnaires for EU members regarding this subject (including reasons for EAW).
â armatita
48 mins ago
add a comment |Â
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
up vote
7
down vote
It could, but you would need to initiate an extradition process. Extradition processes depend on bilateral treaties (if you don't have one with the country the criminal is in, you can't get him/her extradited) and generally are a long, twisted, problematic burocratic nightmare.
The EAW was created to ease that processes. Essentially it assumes that all the judiciary systems among UE members are fair, and thus detainees are going to have a fair trial anywhere so, for some types of crimes which exist in all of the countries, such arson, rape, murder, kidnapping or trafficking, no dual-criminality checks or other judicial burdens are made on the detainees, greatly speeding their surrendering to the requiring state.
Have discrepancies between judicial systems proven problematic in practice?
â Ben
2 hours ago
2
Yes. Even with the EAW there have been problems. Spain tried to have Catalan president Carles Puigdemont extradited from Germany. The crimes levelled against him, however, are not (all) in the EAW list, so the german judge took several weeks to investigate the case, then denied the extradition for "rebellion". Which, in practice means that 8 catalan politicians are going to stand trial this next spring while 9 are free from prosecution. Switzerland tried to get Falciani extradited from Spain, who refused. At best, extradition is longer and messier than EAW. At worst, it may be refused.
â Rekesoft
1 hour ago
So a EAW member state may exercise discretion (per the German/Spain example) as to whether to permit the extradition? For example, if an action is not viewed as a crime in the accusedâÂÂs location (eg. Blasphemy), can that person be extracted forcefully over and above local laws?
â Ben
1 hour ago
Nope. I'll edit my answer to clarify.
â Rekesoft
38 mins ago
add a comment |Â
up vote
7
down vote
It could, but you would need to initiate an extradition process. Extradition processes depend on bilateral treaties (if you don't have one with the country the criminal is in, you can't get him/her extradited) and generally are a long, twisted, problematic burocratic nightmare.
The EAW was created to ease that processes. Essentially it assumes that all the judiciary systems among UE members are fair, and thus detainees are going to have a fair trial anywhere so, for some types of crimes which exist in all of the countries, such arson, rape, murder, kidnapping or trafficking, no dual-criminality checks or other judicial burdens are made on the detainees, greatly speeding their surrendering to the requiring state.
Have discrepancies between judicial systems proven problematic in practice?
â Ben
2 hours ago
2
Yes. Even with the EAW there have been problems. Spain tried to have Catalan president Carles Puigdemont extradited from Germany. The crimes levelled against him, however, are not (all) in the EAW list, so the german judge took several weeks to investigate the case, then denied the extradition for "rebellion". Which, in practice means that 8 catalan politicians are going to stand trial this next spring while 9 are free from prosecution. Switzerland tried to get Falciani extradited from Spain, who refused. At best, extradition is longer and messier than EAW. At worst, it may be refused.
â Rekesoft
1 hour ago
So a EAW member state may exercise discretion (per the German/Spain example) as to whether to permit the extradition? For example, if an action is not viewed as a crime in the accusedâÂÂs location (eg. Blasphemy), can that person be extracted forcefully over and above local laws?
â Ben
1 hour ago
Nope. I'll edit my answer to clarify.
â Rekesoft
38 mins ago
add a comment |Â
up vote
7
down vote
up vote
7
down vote
It could, but you would need to initiate an extradition process. Extradition processes depend on bilateral treaties (if you don't have one with the country the criminal is in, you can't get him/her extradited) and generally are a long, twisted, problematic burocratic nightmare.
The EAW was created to ease that processes. Essentially it assumes that all the judiciary systems among UE members are fair, and thus detainees are going to have a fair trial anywhere so, for some types of crimes which exist in all of the countries, such arson, rape, murder, kidnapping or trafficking, no dual-criminality checks or other judicial burdens are made on the detainees, greatly speeding their surrendering to the requiring state.
It could, but you would need to initiate an extradition process. Extradition processes depend on bilateral treaties (if you don't have one with the country the criminal is in, you can't get him/her extradited) and generally are a long, twisted, problematic burocratic nightmare.
The EAW was created to ease that processes. Essentially it assumes that all the judiciary systems among UE members are fair, and thus detainees are going to have a fair trial anywhere so, for some types of crimes which exist in all of the countries, such arson, rape, murder, kidnapping or trafficking, no dual-criminality checks or other judicial burdens are made on the detainees, greatly speeding their surrendering to the requiring state.
edited 7 mins ago
answered 2 hours ago
Rekesoft
1,196314
1,196314
Have discrepancies between judicial systems proven problematic in practice?
â Ben
2 hours ago
2
Yes. Even with the EAW there have been problems. Spain tried to have Catalan president Carles Puigdemont extradited from Germany. The crimes levelled against him, however, are not (all) in the EAW list, so the german judge took several weeks to investigate the case, then denied the extradition for "rebellion". Which, in practice means that 8 catalan politicians are going to stand trial this next spring while 9 are free from prosecution. Switzerland tried to get Falciani extradited from Spain, who refused. At best, extradition is longer and messier than EAW. At worst, it may be refused.
â Rekesoft
1 hour ago
So a EAW member state may exercise discretion (per the German/Spain example) as to whether to permit the extradition? For example, if an action is not viewed as a crime in the accusedâÂÂs location (eg. Blasphemy), can that person be extracted forcefully over and above local laws?
â Ben
1 hour ago
Nope. I'll edit my answer to clarify.
â Rekesoft
38 mins ago
add a comment |Â
Have discrepancies between judicial systems proven problematic in practice?
â Ben
2 hours ago
2
Yes. Even with the EAW there have been problems. Spain tried to have Catalan president Carles Puigdemont extradited from Germany. The crimes levelled against him, however, are not (all) in the EAW list, so the german judge took several weeks to investigate the case, then denied the extradition for "rebellion". Which, in practice means that 8 catalan politicians are going to stand trial this next spring while 9 are free from prosecution. Switzerland tried to get Falciani extradited from Spain, who refused. At best, extradition is longer and messier than EAW. At worst, it may be refused.
â Rekesoft
1 hour ago
So a EAW member state may exercise discretion (per the German/Spain example) as to whether to permit the extradition? For example, if an action is not viewed as a crime in the accusedâÂÂs location (eg. Blasphemy), can that person be extracted forcefully over and above local laws?
â Ben
1 hour ago
Nope. I'll edit my answer to clarify.
â Rekesoft
38 mins ago
Have discrepancies between judicial systems proven problematic in practice?
â Ben
2 hours ago
Have discrepancies between judicial systems proven problematic in practice?
â Ben
2 hours ago
2
2
Yes. Even with the EAW there have been problems. Spain tried to have Catalan president Carles Puigdemont extradited from Germany. The crimes levelled against him, however, are not (all) in the EAW list, so the german judge took several weeks to investigate the case, then denied the extradition for "rebellion". Which, in practice means that 8 catalan politicians are going to stand trial this next spring while 9 are free from prosecution. Switzerland tried to get Falciani extradited from Spain, who refused. At best, extradition is longer and messier than EAW. At worst, it may be refused.
â Rekesoft
1 hour ago
Yes. Even with the EAW there have been problems. Spain tried to have Catalan president Carles Puigdemont extradited from Germany. The crimes levelled against him, however, are not (all) in the EAW list, so the german judge took several weeks to investigate the case, then denied the extradition for "rebellion". Which, in practice means that 8 catalan politicians are going to stand trial this next spring while 9 are free from prosecution. Switzerland tried to get Falciani extradited from Spain, who refused. At best, extradition is longer and messier than EAW. At worst, it may be refused.
â Rekesoft
1 hour ago
So a EAW member state may exercise discretion (per the German/Spain example) as to whether to permit the extradition? For example, if an action is not viewed as a crime in the accusedâÂÂs location (eg. Blasphemy), can that person be extracted forcefully over and above local laws?
â Ben
1 hour ago
So a EAW member state may exercise discretion (per the German/Spain example) as to whether to permit the extradition? For example, if an action is not viewed as a crime in the accusedâÂÂs location (eg. Blasphemy), can that person be extracted forcefully over and above local laws?
â Ben
1 hour ago
Nope. I'll edit my answer to clarify.
â Rekesoft
38 mins ago
Nope. I'll edit my answer to clarify.
â Rekesoft
38 mins ago
add a comment |Â
up vote
4
down vote
The common process of extradition, even between allied states, is lengthy and costly. The European Commission regularly makes factsheets for this and other subjects (PDF):
The European Justice portal also has a lot of information about this subject including statistics about its use:
The previous average of extradition time of 1 year dropped to 48 days:
How much faster are extradition proceedings now?
Before the EAW was introduced extradition used to take an average of
one year, but now that has been cut to an average of 48 days, the
European Commission says. A suspect must be handed over within a
maximum of 90 days after arrest. In cases where a suspect agrees to
surrender the average extradition time is 16 days.
Streamlining the process made extradition easier with fewer costs. In fact some controversy has risen due to the misuse of the EAW. Some examples are:
It results from the evaluation visits that EAWs have been issued in
cases such as the following:
- detention of 0.45 grams of cannabis;
- detention of 1.5 grams of marijuana;
- detention of 0.15 grams of heroin;
- detention of 3 ecstasy tablets;
- theft of two car tyres;
- driving a car under the influence of alcohol, where the limit was not significantly exceeded (0.81 mg/l)
- theft of a piglet
Calling an EAW for trivial cases is something actively being discouraged by the European Commission.
Thank you. I have heard that the EAW somehow imperils habeas corpus, Is that because it enables extradition into jurisdictions where imprisonment for extended periods while awaiting trial is possible?
â Ben
1 hour ago
@Ben I'm not aware of any impediment to Habeas Corpus, including for non-EU citizens. As far as I know you are always entitled to legal representation (in the surrendering country) and the EAW itself must follow ECHR (yet another connection to one of your questions).
â armatita
1 hour ago
Thank you. Can the extraditee state request evidence for the crime being accused to ensure the arrest meets local laws (for example for the crime of blasphemy)? And can the extraditee state exercise discretion when responding to a request? ie choose to reject it
â Ben
50 mins ago
@Ben Yes. In fact in the table presented in this answer you'll see that the number of issued EAW is quite different from the number of executed. There are a considerable number of rejections every year. The EAW is a facilitator, not a replacement for national law. You can find more information in the European Justice Portal which has a few documents with questionnaires for EU members regarding this subject (including reasons for EAW).
â armatita
48 mins ago
add a comment |Â
up vote
4
down vote
The common process of extradition, even between allied states, is lengthy and costly. The European Commission regularly makes factsheets for this and other subjects (PDF):
The European Justice portal also has a lot of information about this subject including statistics about its use:
The previous average of extradition time of 1 year dropped to 48 days:
How much faster are extradition proceedings now?
Before the EAW was introduced extradition used to take an average of
one year, but now that has been cut to an average of 48 days, the
European Commission says. A suspect must be handed over within a
maximum of 90 days after arrest. In cases where a suspect agrees to
surrender the average extradition time is 16 days.
Streamlining the process made extradition easier with fewer costs. In fact some controversy has risen due to the misuse of the EAW. Some examples are:
It results from the evaluation visits that EAWs have been issued in
cases such as the following:
- detention of 0.45 grams of cannabis;
- detention of 1.5 grams of marijuana;
- detention of 0.15 grams of heroin;
- detention of 3 ecstasy tablets;
- theft of two car tyres;
- driving a car under the influence of alcohol, where the limit was not significantly exceeded (0.81 mg/l)
- theft of a piglet
Calling an EAW for trivial cases is something actively being discouraged by the European Commission.
Thank you. I have heard that the EAW somehow imperils habeas corpus, Is that because it enables extradition into jurisdictions where imprisonment for extended periods while awaiting trial is possible?
â Ben
1 hour ago
@Ben I'm not aware of any impediment to Habeas Corpus, including for non-EU citizens. As far as I know you are always entitled to legal representation (in the surrendering country) and the EAW itself must follow ECHR (yet another connection to one of your questions).
â armatita
1 hour ago
Thank you. Can the extraditee state request evidence for the crime being accused to ensure the arrest meets local laws (for example for the crime of blasphemy)? And can the extraditee state exercise discretion when responding to a request? ie choose to reject it
â Ben
50 mins ago
@Ben Yes. In fact in the table presented in this answer you'll see that the number of issued EAW is quite different from the number of executed. There are a considerable number of rejections every year. The EAW is a facilitator, not a replacement for national law. You can find more information in the European Justice Portal which has a few documents with questionnaires for EU members regarding this subject (including reasons for EAW).
â armatita
48 mins ago
add a comment |Â
up vote
4
down vote
up vote
4
down vote
The common process of extradition, even between allied states, is lengthy and costly. The European Commission regularly makes factsheets for this and other subjects (PDF):
The European Justice portal also has a lot of information about this subject including statistics about its use:
The previous average of extradition time of 1 year dropped to 48 days:
How much faster are extradition proceedings now?
Before the EAW was introduced extradition used to take an average of
one year, but now that has been cut to an average of 48 days, the
European Commission says. A suspect must be handed over within a
maximum of 90 days after arrest. In cases where a suspect agrees to
surrender the average extradition time is 16 days.
Streamlining the process made extradition easier with fewer costs. In fact some controversy has risen due to the misuse of the EAW. Some examples are:
It results from the evaluation visits that EAWs have been issued in
cases such as the following:
- detention of 0.45 grams of cannabis;
- detention of 1.5 grams of marijuana;
- detention of 0.15 grams of heroin;
- detention of 3 ecstasy tablets;
- theft of two car tyres;
- driving a car under the influence of alcohol, where the limit was not significantly exceeded (0.81 mg/l)
- theft of a piglet
Calling an EAW for trivial cases is something actively being discouraged by the European Commission.
The common process of extradition, even between allied states, is lengthy and costly. The European Commission regularly makes factsheets for this and other subjects (PDF):
The European Justice portal also has a lot of information about this subject including statistics about its use:
The previous average of extradition time of 1 year dropped to 48 days:
How much faster are extradition proceedings now?
Before the EAW was introduced extradition used to take an average of
one year, but now that has been cut to an average of 48 days, the
European Commission says. A suspect must be handed over within a
maximum of 90 days after arrest. In cases where a suspect agrees to
surrender the average extradition time is 16 days.
Streamlining the process made extradition easier with fewer costs. In fact some controversy has risen due to the misuse of the EAW. Some examples are:
It results from the evaluation visits that EAWs have been issued in
cases such as the following:
- detention of 0.45 grams of cannabis;
- detention of 1.5 grams of marijuana;
- detention of 0.15 grams of heroin;
- detention of 3 ecstasy tablets;
- theft of two car tyres;
- driving a car under the influence of alcohol, where the limit was not significantly exceeded (0.81 mg/l)
- theft of a piglet
Calling an EAW for trivial cases is something actively being discouraged by the European Commission.
answered 1 hour ago
armatita
3,050620
3,050620
Thank you. I have heard that the EAW somehow imperils habeas corpus, Is that because it enables extradition into jurisdictions where imprisonment for extended periods while awaiting trial is possible?
â Ben
1 hour ago
@Ben I'm not aware of any impediment to Habeas Corpus, including for non-EU citizens. As far as I know you are always entitled to legal representation (in the surrendering country) and the EAW itself must follow ECHR (yet another connection to one of your questions).
â armatita
1 hour ago
Thank you. Can the extraditee state request evidence for the crime being accused to ensure the arrest meets local laws (for example for the crime of blasphemy)? And can the extraditee state exercise discretion when responding to a request? ie choose to reject it
â Ben
50 mins ago
@Ben Yes. In fact in the table presented in this answer you'll see that the number of issued EAW is quite different from the number of executed. There are a considerable number of rejections every year. The EAW is a facilitator, not a replacement for national law. You can find more information in the European Justice Portal which has a few documents with questionnaires for EU members regarding this subject (including reasons for EAW).
â armatita
48 mins ago
add a comment |Â
Thank you. I have heard that the EAW somehow imperils habeas corpus, Is that because it enables extradition into jurisdictions where imprisonment for extended periods while awaiting trial is possible?
â Ben
1 hour ago
@Ben I'm not aware of any impediment to Habeas Corpus, including for non-EU citizens. As far as I know you are always entitled to legal representation (in the surrendering country) and the EAW itself must follow ECHR (yet another connection to one of your questions).
â armatita
1 hour ago
Thank you. Can the extraditee state request evidence for the crime being accused to ensure the arrest meets local laws (for example for the crime of blasphemy)? And can the extraditee state exercise discretion when responding to a request? ie choose to reject it
â Ben
50 mins ago
@Ben Yes. In fact in the table presented in this answer you'll see that the number of issued EAW is quite different from the number of executed. There are a considerable number of rejections every year. The EAW is a facilitator, not a replacement for national law. You can find more information in the European Justice Portal which has a few documents with questionnaires for EU members regarding this subject (including reasons for EAW).
â armatita
48 mins ago
Thank you. I have heard that the EAW somehow imperils habeas corpus, Is that because it enables extradition into jurisdictions where imprisonment for extended periods while awaiting trial is possible?
â Ben
1 hour ago
Thank you. I have heard that the EAW somehow imperils habeas corpus, Is that because it enables extradition into jurisdictions where imprisonment for extended periods while awaiting trial is possible?
â Ben
1 hour ago
@Ben I'm not aware of any impediment to Habeas Corpus, including for non-EU citizens. As far as I know you are always entitled to legal representation (in the surrendering country) and the EAW itself must follow ECHR (yet another connection to one of your questions).
â armatita
1 hour ago
@Ben I'm not aware of any impediment to Habeas Corpus, including for non-EU citizens. As far as I know you are always entitled to legal representation (in the surrendering country) and the EAW itself must follow ECHR (yet another connection to one of your questions).
â armatita
1 hour ago
Thank you. Can the extraditee state request evidence for the crime being accused to ensure the arrest meets local laws (for example for the crime of blasphemy)? And can the extraditee state exercise discretion when responding to a request? ie choose to reject it
â Ben
50 mins ago
Thank you. Can the extraditee state request evidence for the crime being accused to ensure the arrest meets local laws (for example for the crime of blasphemy)? And can the extraditee state exercise discretion when responding to a request? ie choose to reject it
â Ben
50 mins ago
@Ben Yes. In fact in the table presented in this answer you'll see that the number of issued EAW is quite different from the number of executed. There are a considerable number of rejections every year. The EAW is a facilitator, not a replacement for national law. You can find more information in the European Justice Portal which has a few documents with questionnaires for EU members regarding this subject (including reasons for EAW).
â armatita
48 mins ago
@Ben Yes. In fact in the table presented in this answer you'll see that the number of issued EAW is quite different from the number of executed. There are a considerable number of rejections every year. The EAW is a facilitator, not a replacement for national law. You can find more information in the European Justice Portal which has a few documents with questionnaires for EU members regarding this subject (including reasons for EAW).
â armatita
48 mins ago
add a comment |Â
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function ()
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
);
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fpolitics.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f34960%2fpurpose-of-the-european-arrest-warrant%23new-answer', 'question_page');
);
Post as a guest
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function ()
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
);
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function ()
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
);
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function ()
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
);
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password