Prove that upper triangular matrices are closed under inversion

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Prove that group of upper triangle matrices $G$ is a subgroup of $GL_n(F)$



Contains identity: $I_nin G$ since $I_ij=0$ when $i>j$



Closed under multi: $C=AB, c_ij=sum_k=1^n=a_ikb_kj,i=1,2..,n,j=1,2..,n$ for all $c_ij,i>j$ either $ige k>j$ or $i>kge j$. One factor in each addend is $0$: either $a_ik=0$, or $b_kj=0$ thus $c_ij=0$ if $i>jrightarrow Cin G$



Closed under inversion: We know that a unique inverse exist since G is atleast a subset of $GL_n(F)$. Any tips on how do I proceed form here on? I thought about using my proof above to prove that $A^-1in G$ How do I know there is not a fringe case where $AA^-1=I, A^-1notin G$










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  • 1




    Try with the expression of $A^-1$ in term of its comatrix.
    – AlexL
    2 hours ago










  • Is the zero matrix also an upper triangular matrix?
    – dan_fulea
    2 hours ago










  • Yes, I believe so.
    – AnotherJohnDoe
    2 hours ago










  • Intuitively, in performing Gaussian elimination to convert the augmented matrix $beginbmatrix A & | & I endbmatrix$ to $beginbmatrix I & | & A^-1 endbmatrix$, you can restrict to operations which keep both halves of the augmented matrix upper triangular.
    – Daniel Schepler
    1 hour ago














up vote
2
down vote

favorite












Prove that group of upper triangle matrices $G$ is a subgroup of $GL_n(F)$



Contains identity: $I_nin G$ since $I_ij=0$ when $i>j$



Closed under multi: $C=AB, c_ij=sum_k=1^n=a_ikb_kj,i=1,2..,n,j=1,2..,n$ for all $c_ij,i>j$ either $ige k>j$ or $i>kge j$. One factor in each addend is $0$: either $a_ik=0$, or $b_kj=0$ thus $c_ij=0$ if $i>jrightarrow Cin G$



Closed under inversion: We know that a unique inverse exist since G is atleast a subset of $GL_n(F)$. Any tips on how do I proceed form here on? I thought about using my proof above to prove that $A^-1in G$ How do I know there is not a fringe case where $AA^-1=I, A^-1notin G$










share|cite|improve this question

















  • 1




    Try with the expression of $A^-1$ in term of its comatrix.
    – AlexL
    2 hours ago










  • Is the zero matrix also an upper triangular matrix?
    – dan_fulea
    2 hours ago










  • Yes, I believe so.
    – AnotherJohnDoe
    2 hours ago










  • Intuitively, in performing Gaussian elimination to convert the augmented matrix $beginbmatrix A & | & I endbmatrix$ to $beginbmatrix I & | & A^-1 endbmatrix$, you can restrict to operations which keep both halves of the augmented matrix upper triangular.
    – Daniel Schepler
    1 hour ago












up vote
2
down vote

favorite









up vote
2
down vote

favorite











Prove that group of upper triangle matrices $G$ is a subgroup of $GL_n(F)$



Contains identity: $I_nin G$ since $I_ij=0$ when $i>j$



Closed under multi: $C=AB, c_ij=sum_k=1^n=a_ikb_kj,i=1,2..,n,j=1,2..,n$ for all $c_ij,i>j$ either $ige k>j$ or $i>kge j$. One factor in each addend is $0$: either $a_ik=0$, or $b_kj=0$ thus $c_ij=0$ if $i>jrightarrow Cin G$



Closed under inversion: We know that a unique inverse exist since G is atleast a subset of $GL_n(F)$. Any tips on how do I proceed form here on? I thought about using my proof above to prove that $A^-1in G$ How do I know there is not a fringe case where $AA^-1=I, A^-1notin G$










share|cite|improve this question













Prove that group of upper triangle matrices $G$ is a subgroup of $GL_n(F)$



Contains identity: $I_nin G$ since $I_ij=0$ when $i>j$



Closed under multi: $C=AB, c_ij=sum_k=1^n=a_ikb_kj,i=1,2..,n,j=1,2..,n$ for all $c_ij,i>j$ either $ige k>j$ or $i>kge j$. One factor in each addend is $0$: either $a_ik=0$, or $b_kj=0$ thus $c_ij=0$ if $i>jrightarrow Cin G$



Closed under inversion: We know that a unique inverse exist since G is atleast a subset of $GL_n(F)$. Any tips on how do I proceed form here on? I thought about using my proof above to prove that $A^-1in G$ How do I know there is not a fringe case where $AA^-1=I, A^-1notin G$







abstract-algebra group-theory






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asked 3 hours ago









Wen2400

257




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  • 1




    Try with the expression of $A^-1$ in term of its comatrix.
    – AlexL
    2 hours ago










  • Is the zero matrix also an upper triangular matrix?
    – dan_fulea
    2 hours ago










  • Yes, I believe so.
    – AnotherJohnDoe
    2 hours ago










  • Intuitively, in performing Gaussian elimination to convert the augmented matrix $beginbmatrix A & | & I endbmatrix$ to $beginbmatrix I & | & A^-1 endbmatrix$, you can restrict to operations which keep both halves of the augmented matrix upper triangular.
    – Daniel Schepler
    1 hour ago












  • 1




    Try with the expression of $A^-1$ in term of its comatrix.
    – AlexL
    2 hours ago










  • Is the zero matrix also an upper triangular matrix?
    – dan_fulea
    2 hours ago










  • Yes, I believe so.
    – AnotherJohnDoe
    2 hours ago










  • Intuitively, in performing Gaussian elimination to convert the augmented matrix $beginbmatrix A & | & I endbmatrix$ to $beginbmatrix I & | & A^-1 endbmatrix$, you can restrict to operations which keep both halves of the augmented matrix upper triangular.
    – Daniel Schepler
    1 hour ago







1




1




Try with the expression of $A^-1$ in term of its comatrix.
– AlexL
2 hours ago




Try with the expression of $A^-1$ in term of its comatrix.
– AlexL
2 hours ago












Is the zero matrix also an upper triangular matrix?
– dan_fulea
2 hours ago




Is the zero matrix also an upper triangular matrix?
– dan_fulea
2 hours ago












Yes, I believe so.
– AnotherJohnDoe
2 hours ago




Yes, I believe so.
– AnotherJohnDoe
2 hours ago












Intuitively, in performing Gaussian elimination to convert the augmented matrix $beginbmatrix A & | & I endbmatrix$ to $beginbmatrix I & | & A^-1 endbmatrix$, you can restrict to operations which keep both halves of the augmented matrix upper triangular.
– Daniel Schepler
1 hour ago




Intuitively, in performing Gaussian elimination to convert the augmented matrix $beginbmatrix A & | & I endbmatrix$ to $beginbmatrix I & | & A^-1 endbmatrix$, you can restrict to operations which keep both halves of the augmented matrix upper triangular.
– Daniel Schepler
1 hour ago










4 Answers
4






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oldest

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up vote
3
down vote



accepted










Suppose $A^-1$ is not upper triangular. Consider any one of the rows, say $i$, of $A^-1$ such that it has non - zero entries before it's diagonal entry $a_ii$. Let the first of these be in the $j^th$ column.



Finally, a hint - consider the element of the product of $A^-1A$ in the position $(i,j)$






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  • It seems like I can construct a combination of numbers where non zero terms cancel eachother out. Therefore i was reluctant using similair proof as I did above
    – Wen2400
    2 hours ago











  • But, in particular, what happens to the element in position $(i,j)?$
    – AnotherJohnDoe
    2 hours ago


















up vote
2
down vote













If $A$ is an invertible matrix, then its inverse $A^-1$ can be expressed as a polynomial in $A$.



Therefore, if $A$ is upper triangular, so is $A^-1$, since the product of upper triangular matrices is upper triangular, as you have already proved.






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  • When I did some testing on $3times 3$ matrix, I found that $I_32=0=a_31^-1a_12+a_32^-1a_22+a_33^-1a_32$ reduces to $0=a_31^-1a_12+a_32^-1a_22$ Which got me worried that somewhere out there there might exist a fringe case where $a_31^-1,a_32^-1neq 0$
    – Wen2400
    32 mins ago










  • +1 Even better!
    – rschwieb
    7 mins ago

















up vote
1
down vote













Conceptually, the algebra of upper triangular matrices $UT_n(F)$ is the set of transformations which fixes a complete flag of subspaces of $F^n$.



That is, for all upper triangular matrices, there is a chain of subspaces of $F^n$ written as $0subseteq V_1subseteq V_2subseteqldotssubseteq V_n$, where $dim_F(V_i)=i$, such that for every upper triangular matrix $A$, and each index $i$, $A(V_i)subseteq V_i$. Conversely given any such flag, you can choose a basis such that the flag-preserving transformations are upper triangular. You should have no problem describing such a flag of subspaces of $F^n$ such that the transformations are the upper triangular matrices.



If $A$ is invertible, then it preserves dimension, so $A(V_i)=V_i$ for all $i$. The inverse map, if it exists, would map $V_i$ right back into $V_i$, so the inverse is also an upper triangular matrix.






share|cite|improve this answer



























    up vote
    0
    down vote













    Thanks for all the help, I will now attempt to solve this using AnotherJohnDoe's hint. Any pointers or feedback to make this proof more elegant are appreciated.



    Let $BA=I,Ain G$ then I choose to look at entries $I_i1,i=2,3,..$ then $I_i1=0=sum_k=1^nb_ika_k1$ since $a_k1=0,k>1$ the expression reduces to $I_i1=0=b_i1a_11$. Determinant of an upper triangle matrix is the product of the diagonal entries, in our case none of the diagonal entries can be zero. Thus $b_i1=0$.



    Moving on to $I_i2,i=3,4...$ then $I_i2=0=sum_k=1^nb_ika_k2$ since $a_k2=0,k>2$ the expression reduces to $I_i2=0=b_i1a_12+b_i2a_22$ since $b_i1=0,a_22neq0$ Only solution is $b_i2=0$



    Now using induction to complete the proof. (Which I might give it a go at a later date)






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      4 Answers
      4






      active

      oldest

      votes








      4 Answers
      4






      active

      oldest

      votes









      active

      oldest

      votes






      active

      oldest

      votes








      up vote
      3
      down vote



      accepted










      Suppose $A^-1$ is not upper triangular. Consider any one of the rows, say $i$, of $A^-1$ such that it has non - zero entries before it's diagonal entry $a_ii$. Let the first of these be in the $j^th$ column.



      Finally, a hint - consider the element of the product of $A^-1A$ in the position $(i,j)$






      share|cite|improve this answer




















      • It seems like I can construct a combination of numbers where non zero terms cancel eachother out. Therefore i was reluctant using similair proof as I did above
        – Wen2400
        2 hours ago











      • But, in particular, what happens to the element in position $(i,j)?$
        – AnotherJohnDoe
        2 hours ago















      up vote
      3
      down vote



      accepted










      Suppose $A^-1$ is not upper triangular. Consider any one of the rows, say $i$, of $A^-1$ such that it has non - zero entries before it's diagonal entry $a_ii$. Let the first of these be in the $j^th$ column.



      Finally, a hint - consider the element of the product of $A^-1A$ in the position $(i,j)$






      share|cite|improve this answer




















      • It seems like I can construct a combination of numbers where non zero terms cancel eachother out. Therefore i was reluctant using similair proof as I did above
        – Wen2400
        2 hours ago











      • But, in particular, what happens to the element in position $(i,j)?$
        – AnotherJohnDoe
        2 hours ago













      up vote
      3
      down vote



      accepted







      up vote
      3
      down vote



      accepted






      Suppose $A^-1$ is not upper triangular. Consider any one of the rows, say $i$, of $A^-1$ such that it has non - zero entries before it's diagonal entry $a_ii$. Let the first of these be in the $j^th$ column.



      Finally, a hint - consider the element of the product of $A^-1A$ in the position $(i,j)$






      share|cite|improve this answer












      Suppose $A^-1$ is not upper triangular. Consider any one of the rows, say $i$, of $A^-1$ such that it has non - zero entries before it's diagonal entry $a_ii$. Let the first of these be in the $j^th$ column.



      Finally, a hint - consider the element of the product of $A^-1A$ in the position $(i,j)$







      share|cite|improve this answer












      share|cite|improve this answer



      share|cite|improve this answer










      answered 2 hours ago









      AnotherJohnDoe

      824212




      824212











      • It seems like I can construct a combination of numbers where non zero terms cancel eachother out. Therefore i was reluctant using similair proof as I did above
        – Wen2400
        2 hours ago











      • But, in particular, what happens to the element in position $(i,j)?$
        – AnotherJohnDoe
        2 hours ago

















      • It seems like I can construct a combination of numbers where non zero terms cancel eachother out. Therefore i was reluctant using similair proof as I did above
        – Wen2400
        2 hours ago











      • But, in particular, what happens to the element in position $(i,j)?$
        – AnotherJohnDoe
        2 hours ago
















      It seems like I can construct a combination of numbers where non zero terms cancel eachother out. Therefore i was reluctant using similair proof as I did above
      – Wen2400
      2 hours ago





      It seems like I can construct a combination of numbers where non zero terms cancel eachother out. Therefore i was reluctant using similair proof as I did above
      – Wen2400
      2 hours ago













      But, in particular, what happens to the element in position $(i,j)?$
      – AnotherJohnDoe
      2 hours ago





      But, in particular, what happens to the element in position $(i,j)?$
      – AnotherJohnDoe
      2 hours ago











      up vote
      2
      down vote













      If $A$ is an invertible matrix, then its inverse $A^-1$ can be expressed as a polynomial in $A$.



      Therefore, if $A$ is upper triangular, so is $A^-1$, since the product of upper triangular matrices is upper triangular, as you have already proved.






      share|cite|improve this answer




















      • When I did some testing on $3times 3$ matrix, I found that $I_32=0=a_31^-1a_12+a_32^-1a_22+a_33^-1a_32$ reduces to $0=a_31^-1a_12+a_32^-1a_22$ Which got me worried that somewhere out there there might exist a fringe case where $a_31^-1,a_32^-1neq 0$
        – Wen2400
        32 mins ago










      • +1 Even better!
        – rschwieb
        7 mins ago














      up vote
      2
      down vote













      If $A$ is an invertible matrix, then its inverse $A^-1$ can be expressed as a polynomial in $A$.



      Therefore, if $A$ is upper triangular, so is $A^-1$, since the product of upper triangular matrices is upper triangular, as you have already proved.






      share|cite|improve this answer




















      • When I did some testing on $3times 3$ matrix, I found that $I_32=0=a_31^-1a_12+a_32^-1a_22+a_33^-1a_32$ reduces to $0=a_31^-1a_12+a_32^-1a_22$ Which got me worried that somewhere out there there might exist a fringe case where $a_31^-1,a_32^-1neq 0$
        – Wen2400
        32 mins ago










      • +1 Even better!
        – rschwieb
        7 mins ago












      up vote
      2
      down vote










      up vote
      2
      down vote









      If $A$ is an invertible matrix, then its inverse $A^-1$ can be expressed as a polynomial in $A$.



      Therefore, if $A$ is upper triangular, so is $A^-1$, since the product of upper triangular matrices is upper triangular, as you have already proved.






      share|cite|improve this answer












      If $A$ is an invertible matrix, then its inverse $A^-1$ can be expressed as a polynomial in $A$.



      Therefore, if $A$ is upper triangular, so is $A^-1$, since the product of upper triangular matrices is upper triangular, as you have already proved.







      share|cite|improve this answer












      share|cite|improve this answer



      share|cite|improve this answer










      answered 49 mins ago









      lhf

      158k9161375




      158k9161375











      • When I did some testing on $3times 3$ matrix, I found that $I_32=0=a_31^-1a_12+a_32^-1a_22+a_33^-1a_32$ reduces to $0=a_31^-1a_12+a_32^-1a_22$ Which got me worried that somewhere out there there might exist a fringe case where $a_31^-1,a_32^-1neq 0$
        – Wen2400
        32 mins ago










      • +1 Even better!
        – rschwieb
        7 mins ago
















      • When I did some testing on $3times 3$ matrix, I found that $I_32=0=a_31^-1a_12+a_32^-1a_22+a_33^-1a_32$ reduces to $0=a_31^-1a_12+a_32^-1a_22$ Which got me worried that somewhere out there there might exist a fringe case where $a_31^-1,a_32^-1neq 0$
        – Wen2400
        32 mins ago










      • +1 Even better!
        – rschwieb
        7 mins ago















      When I did some testing on $3times 3$ matrix, I found that $I_32=0=a_31^-1a_12+a_32^-1a_22+a_33^-1a_32$ reduces to $0=a_31^-1a_12+a_32^-1a_22$ Which got me worried that somewhere out there there might exist a fringe case where $a_31^-1,a_32^-1neq 0$
      – Wen2400
      32 mins ago




      When I did some testing on $3times 3$ matrix, I found that $I_32=0=a_31^-1a_12+a_32^-1a_22+a_33^-1a_32$ reduces to $0=a_31^-1a_12+a_32^-1a_22$ Which got me worried that somewhere out there there might exist a fringe case where $a_31^-1,a_32^-1neq 0$
      – Wen2400
      32 mins ago












      +1 Even better!
      – rschwieb
      7 mins ago




      +1 Even better!
      – rschwieb
      7 mins ago










      up vote
      1
      down vote













      Conceptually, the algebra of upper triangular matrices $UT_n(F)$ is the set of transformations which fixes a complete flag of subspaces of $F^n$.



      That is, for all upper triangular matrices, there is a chain of subspaces of $F^n$ written as $0subseteq V_1subseteq V_2subseteqldotssubseteq V_n$, where $dim_F(V_i)=i$, such that for every upper triangular matrix $A$, and each index $i$, $A(V_i)subseteq V_i$. Conversely given any such flag, you can choose a basis such that the flag-preserving transformations are upper triangular. You should have no problem describing such a flag of subspaces of $F^n$ such that the transformations are the upper triangular matrices.



      If $A$ is invertible, then it preserves dimension, so $A(V_i)=V_i$ for all $i$. The inverse map, if it exists, would map $V_i$ right back into $V_i$, so the inverse is also an upper triangular matrix.






      share|cite|improve this answer
























        up vote
        1
        down vote













        Conceptually, the algebra of upper triangular matrices $UT_n(F)$ is the set of transformations which fixes a complete flag of subspaces of $F^n$.



        That is, for all upper triangular matrices, there is a chain of subspaces of $F^n$ written as $0subseteq V_1subseteq V_2subseteqldotssubseteq V_n$, where $dim_F(V_i)=i$, such that for every upper triangular matrix $A$, and each index $i$, $A(V_i)subseteq V_i$. Conversely given any such flag, you can choose a basis such that the flag-preserving transformations are upper triangular. You should have no problem describing such a flag of subspaces of $F^n$ such that the transformations are the upper triangular matrices.



        If $A$ is invertible, then it preserves dimension, so $A(V_i)=V_i$ for all $i$. The inverse map, if it exists, would map $V_i$ right back into $V_i$, so the inverse is also an upper triangular matrix.






        share|cite|improve this answer






















          up vote
          1
          down vote










          up vote
          1
          down vote









          Conceptually, the algebra of upper triangular matrices $UT_n(F)$ is the set of transformations which fixes a complete flag of subspaces of $F^n$.



          That is, for all upper triangular matrices, there is a chain of subspaces of $F^n$ written as $0subseteq V_1subseteq V_2subseteqldotssubseteq V_n$, where $dim_F(V_i)=i$, such that for every upper triangular matrix $A$, and each index $i$, $A(V_i)subseteq V_i$. Conversely given any such flag, you can choose a basis such that the flag-preserving transformations are upper triangular. You should have no problem describing such a flag of subspaces of $F^n$ such that the transformations are the upper triangular matrices.



          If $A$ is invertible, then it preserves dimension, so $A(V_i)=V_i$ for all $i$. The inverse map, if it exists, would map $V_i$ right back into $V_i$, so the inverse is also an upper triangular matrix.






          share|cite|improve this answer












          Conceptually, the algebra of upper triangular matrices $UT_n(F)$ is the set of transformations which fixes a complete flag of subspaces of $F^n$.



          That is, for all upper triangular matrices, there is a chain of subspaces of $F^n$ written as $0subseteq V_1subseteq V_2subseteqldotssubseteq V_n$, where $dim_F(V_i)=i$, such that for every upper triangular matrix $A$, and each index $i$, $A(V_i)subseteq V_i$. Conversely given any such flag, you can choose a basis such that the flag-preserving transformations are upper triangular. You should have no problem describing such a flag of subspaces of $F^n$ such that the transformations are the upper triangular matrices.



          If $A$ is invertible, then it preserves dimension, so $A(V_i)=V_i$ for all $i$. The inverse map, if it exists, would map $V_i$ right back into $V_i$, so the inverse is also an upper triangular matrix.







          share|cite|improve this answer












          share|cite|improve this answer



          share|cite|improve this answer










          answered 55 mins ago









          rschwieb

          101k1198234




          101k1198234




















              up vote
              0
              down vote













              Thanks for all the help, I will now attempt to solve this using AnotherJohnDoe's hint. Any pointers or feedback to make this proof more elegant are appreciated.



              Let $BA=I,Ain G$ then I choose to look at entries $I_i1,i=2,3,..$ then $I_i1=0=sum_k=1^nb_ika_k1$ since $a_k1=0,k>1$ the expression reduces to $I_i1=0=b_i1a_11$. Determinant of an upper triangle matrix is the product of the diagonal entries, in our case none of the diagonal entries can be zero. Thus $b_i1=0$.



              Moving on to $I_i2,i=3,4...$ then $I_i2=0=sum_k=1^nb_ika_k2$ since $a_k2=0,k>2$ the expression reduces to $I_i2=0=b_i1a_12+b_i2a_22$ since $b_i1=0,a_22neq0$ Only solution is $b_i2=0$



              Now using induction to complete the proof. (Which I might give it a go at a later date)






              share|cite|improve this answer
























                up vote
                0
                down vote













                Thanks for all the help, I will now attempt to solve this using AnotherJohnDoe's hint. Any pointers or feedback to make this proof more elegant are appreciated.



                Let $BA=I,Ain G$ then I choose to look at entries $I_i1,i=2,3,..$ then $I_i1=0=sum_k=1^nb_ika_k1$ since $a_k1=0,k>1$ the expression reduces to $I_i1=0=b_i1a_11$. Determinant of an upper triangle matrix is the product of the diagonal entries, in our case none of the diagonal entries can be zero. Thus $b_i1=0$.



                Moving on to $I_i2,i=3,4...$ then $I_i2=0=sum_k=1^nb_ika_k2$ since $a_k2=0,k>2$ the expression reduces to $I_i2=0=b_i1a_12+b_i2a_22$ since $b_i1=0,a_22neq0$ Only solution is $b_i2=0$



                Now using induction to complete the proof. (Which I might give it a go at a later date)






                share|cite|improve this answer






















                  up vote
                  0
                  down vote










                  up vote
                  0
                  down vote









                  Thanks for all the help, I will now attempt to solve this using AnotherJohnDoe's hint. Any pointers or feedback to make this proof more elegant are appreciated.



                  Let $BA=I,Ain G$ then I choose to look at entries $I_i1,i=2,3,..$ then $I_i1=0=sum_k=1^nb_ika_k1$ since $a_k1=0,k>1$ the expression reduces to $I_i1=0=b_i1a_11$. Determinant of an upper triangle matrix is the product of the diagonal entries, in our case none of the diagonal entries can be zero. Thus $b_i1=0$.



                  Moving on to $I_i2,i=3,4...$ then $I_i2=0=sum_k=1^nb_ika_k2$ since $a_k2=0,k>2$ the expression reduces to $I_i2=0=b_i1a_12+b_i2a_22$ since $b_i1=0,a_22neq0$ Only solution is $b_i2=0$



                  Now using induction to complete the proof. (Which I might give it a go at a later date)






                  share|cite|improve this answer












                  Thanks for all the help, I will now attempt to solve this using AnotherJohnDoe's hint. Any pointers or feedback to make this proof more elegant are appreciated.



                  Let $BA=I,Ain G$ then I choose to look at entries $I_i1,i=2,3,..$ then $I_i1=0=sum_k=1^nb_ika_k1$ since $a_k1=0,k>1$ the expression reduces to $I_i1=0=b_i1a_11$. Determinant of an upper triangle matrix is the product of the diagonal entries, in our case none of the diagonal entries can be zero. Thus $b_i1=0$.



                  Moving on to $I_i2,i=3,4...$ then $I_i2=0=sum_k=1^nb_ika_k2$ since $a_k2=0,k>2$ the expression reduces to $I_i2=0=b_i1a_12+b_i2a_22$ since $b_i1=0,a_22neq0$ Only solution is $b_i2=0$



                  Now using induction to complete the proof. (Which I might give it a go at a later date)







                  share|cite|improve this answer












                  share|cite|improve this answer



                  share|cite|improve this answer










                  answered 1 hour ago









                  Wen2400

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