Probability - four random integers between 0-9, that not more than two are the same

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Four integers are chosen at random between 0 and 9, inclusive. Find the probability that (a) not more than 2 are the same.



What I tried: all unique numbers: 63/125,
two same numbers: 72/1000



And then add them both. But the answer in the book is 963/1000. I'm not getting such a high probability. Where have I made the mistake?







share|cite|improve this question


















  • 2




    Are you sure about the answer in the book? I got $frac9361,000$.
    – José Carlos Santos
    Sep 4 at 9:32






  • 2




    But 63/125 + 72/100 is more than 1...
    – TonyK
    Sep 4 at 9:37










  • @JoséCarlosSantos yes re-checked it. Could you please explain how did you get 936/1000 as I'm not even getting close to such a high probability.
    – user585380
    Sep 4 at 9:38






  • 2




    In how many cases we get $4$ distinct integers? Answer: $10times9times8times7$. In how many ways are the first $2$ integers equal but after that you get $2$ new (distinct) integers? Answer: $10times 9times 8$. But this is also the answer to the question: in how many ways are the first and the third ingeres equal and the other $2$ are distinct from each other and the $2$ others? Actually, there are $6$ questions of this sort. Therefore, the answer should be$$frac10times9times8times7+6times10times9times810,000=frac9361,000.$$
    – José Carlos Santos
    Sep 4 at 9:44







  • 2




    @user585380 Sure: $binom42=6$.
    – José Carlos Santos
    Sep 4 at 9:48














up vote
5
down vote

favorite
1












Four integers are chosen at random between 0 and 9, inclusive. Find the probability that (a) not more than 2 are the same.



What I tried: all unique numbers: 63/125,
two same numbers: 72/1000



And then add them both. But the answer in the book is 963/1000. I'm not getting such a high probability. Where have I made the mistake?







share|cite|improve this question


















  • 2




    Are you sure about the answer in the book? I got $frac9361,000$.
    – José Carlos Santos
    Sep 4 at 9:32






  • 2




    But 63/125 + 72/100 is more than 1...
    – TonyK
    Sep 4 at 9:37










  • @JoséCarlosSantos yes re-checked it. Could you please explain how did you get 936/1000 as I'm not even getting close to such a high probability.
    – user585380
    Sep 4 at 9:38






  • 2




    In how many cases we get $4$ distinct integers? Answer: $10times9times8times7$. In how many ways are the first $2$ integers equal but after that you get $2$ new (distinct) integers? Answer: $10times 9times 8$. But this is also the answer to the question: in how many ways are the first and the third ingeres equal and the other $2$ are distinct from each other and the $2$ others? Actually, there are $6$ questions of this sort. Therefore, the answer should be$$frac10times9times8times7+6times10times9times810,000=frac9361,000.$$
    – José Carlos Santos
    Sep 4 at 9:44







  • 2




    @user585380 Sure: $binom42=6$.
    – José Carlos Santos
    Sep 4 at 9:48












up vote
5
down vote

favorite
1









up vote
5
down vote

favorite
1






1





Four integers are chosen at random between 0 and 9, inclusive. Find the probability that (a) not more than 2 are the same.



What I tried: all unique numbers: 63/125,
two same numbers: 72/1000



And then add them both. But the answer in the book is 963/1000. I'm not getting such a high probability. Where have I made the mistake?







share|cite|improve this question














Four integers are chosen at random between 0 and 9, inclusive. Find the probability that (a) not more than 2 are the same.



What I tried: all unique numbers: 63/125,
two same numbers: 72/1000



And then add them both. But the answer in the book is 963/1000. I'm not getting such a high probability. Where have I made the mistake?









share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question








edited Sep 4 at 21:54









smci

354211




354211










asked Sep 4 at 9:25









user585380

506




506







  • 2




    Are you sure about the answer in the book? I got $frac9361,000$.
    – José Carlos Santos
    Sep 4 at 9:32






  • 2




    But 63/125 + 72/100 is more than 1...
    – TonyK
    Sep 4 at 9:37










  • @JoséCarlosSantos yes re-checked it. Could you please explain how did you get 936/1000 as I'm not even getting close to such a high probability.
    – user585380
    Sep 4 at 9:38






  • 2




    In how many cases we get $4$ distinct integers? Answer: $10times9times8times7$. In how many ways are the first $2$ integers equal but after that you get $2$ new (distinct) integers? Answer: $10times 9times 8$. But this is also the answer to the question: in how many ways are the first and the third ingeres equal and the other $2$ are distinct from each other and the $2$ others? Actually, there are $6$ questions of this sort. Therefore, the answer should be$$frac10times9times8times7+6times10times9times810,000=frac9361,000.$$
    – José Carlos Santos
    Sep 4 at 9:44







  • 2




    @user585380 Sure: $binom42=6$.
    – José Carlos Santos
    Sep 4 at 9:48












  • 2




    Are you sure about the answer in the book? I got $frac9361,000$.
    – José Carlos Santos
    Sep 4 at 9:32






  • 2




    But 63/125 + 72/100 is more than 1...
    – TonyK
    Sep 4 at 9:37










  • @JoséCarlosSantos yes re-checked it. Could you please explain how did you get 936/1000 as I'm not even getting close to such a high probability.
    – user585380
    Sep 4 at 9:38






  • 2




    In how many cases we get $4$ distinct integers? Answer: $10times9times8times7$. In how many ways are the first $2$ integers equal but after that you get $2$ new (distinct) integers? Answer: $10times 9times 8$. But this is also the answer to the question: in how many ways are the first and the third ingeres equal and the other $2$ are distinct from each other and the $2$ others? Actually, there are $6$ questions of this sort. Therefore, the answer should be$$frac10times9times8times7+6times10times9times810,000=frac9361,000.$$
    – José Carlos Santos
    Sep 4 at 9:44







  • 2




    @user585380 Sure: $binom42=6$.
    – José Carlos Santos
    Sep 4 at 9:48







2




2




Are you sure about the answer in the book? I got $frac9361,000$.
– José Carlos Santos
Sep 4 at 9:32




Are you sure about the answer in the book? I got $frac9361,000$.
– José Carlos Santos
Sep 4 at 9:32




2




2




But 63/125 + 72/100 is more than 1...
– TonyK
Sep 4 at 9:37




But 63/125 + 72/100 is more than 1...
– TonyK
Sep 4 at 9:37












@JoséCarlosSantos yes re-checked it. Could you please explain how did you get 936/1000 as I'm not even getting close to such a high probability.
– user585380
Sep 4 at 9:38




@JoséCarlosSantos yes re-checked it. Could you please explain how did you get 936/1000 as I'm not even getting close to such a high probability.
– user585380
Sep 4 at 9:38




2




2




In how many cases we get $4$ distinct integers? Answer: $10times9times8times7$. In how many ways are the first $2$ integers equal but after that you get $2$ new (distinct) integers? Answer: $10times 9times 8$. But this is also the answer to the question: in how many ways are the first and the third ingeres equal and the other $2$ are distinct from each other and the $2$ others? Actually, there are $6$ questions of this sort. Therefore, the answer should be$$frac10times9times8times7+6times10times9times810,000=frac9361,000.$$
– José Carlos Santos
Sep 4 at 9:44





In how many cases we get $4$ distinct integers? Answer: $10times9times8times7$. In how many ways are the first $2$ integers equal but after that you get $2$ new (distinct) integers? Answer: $10times 9times 8$. But this is also the answer to the question: in how many ways are the first and the third ingeres equal and the other $2$ are distinct from each other and the $2$ others? Actually, there are $6$ questions of this sort. Therefore, the answer should be$$frac10times9times8times7+6times10times9times810,000=frac9361,000.$$
– José Carlos Santos
Sep 4 at 9:44





2




2




@user585380 Sure: $binom42=6$.
– José Carlos Santos
Sep 4 at 9:48




@user585380 Sure: $binom42=6$.
– José Carlos Santos
Sep 4 at 9:48










3 Answers
3






active

oldest

votes

















up vote
9
down vote













You're missing a factor of $6$ in the second case, since you can choose two slots for the two equal numbers in $binom42$ ways. Then you get $frac9361000$, as José wrote. Since the book says $frac9631000$, apparently they're also counting the case of two pairs, and "more than $2$ are the same" means that there's at least a triple. That adds another $fracbinom42binom10210^4=frac271000$, so the total is then $frac9631000$.






share|cite|improve this answer





























    up vote
    5
    down vote













    You can solve it by subtraction: the complementary of the event in your problem consists in having a quartet of equal numbers or a triplet and a different number.



    The probability of getting four equal numbers is $frac1010000,$ because there are ten numbers available to be all equal.



    The probability of having a triplet is $frac4times10times 910000$ because there are four positions where to place the "single one", 10 numbers that the triplet can assume and nine that the single can have.



    Summing these two probabilities, you obtain $frac37010000$ which is exactly $1-frac9631000.$






    share|cite|improve this answer


















    • 1




      Thanks for the edit :)
      – Riccardo Ceccon
      Sep 4 at 9:51

















    up vote
    5
    down vote













    You may first calculate the complementary probability.



    • There are $10$ 4-digit groups with 4 identical digits

    • There are $4 choose 3$ choices of places to put 1 out of 10 digits into these 3 places and 9 other digits to fill the remaining place: $4 choose 3 cdot 10 cdot 9$

    All together, the probability of getting 3 or 4 equal digits is
    $$P(mbox3 or 4 equal digits) =frac10 + 4 choose 3 cdot 10 cdot 910^4 = frac3710^3 Rightarrow $$
    $$P(mboxat most 2 equal) = 1-frac3710^3 = frac9631000 $$






    share|cite|improve this answer




















    • Thanks! But could you point out my mistake in doing the normal way without complementary?
      – user585380
      Sep 4 at 9:56










    • @user585380: Your first number is right. The second is wrong. But you did not show your reasoning how you got your second number. You may split the second case (2 equal digits) into two subcases: (1) - exactly one pair; (2) - exactly 2 different (!) pairs.
      – trancelocation
      Sep 4 at 10:35











    • We can't have 2 different pairs, right? I got the second number by: 9/10*1/10*8/10 (to get two similar numbers).
      – user585380
      Sep 4 at 14:28










    • @user585380: Your number $frac910cdot frac110cdot frac810$ corresponds to $frac110$ for the double digit and $frac910$ and $frac810$ for the two remaining digits. But your calculation does not distinguish, for example, between $1123$, $1213$, $1231$, .... Besides this your calculation excludes cases with two pairs like $1122$. I hope this helps you understand what you overlooked in your calculation.
      – trancelocation
      Sep 5 at 3:41











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    3 Answers
    3






    active

    oldest

    votes








    3 Answers
    3






    active

    oldest

    votes









    active

    oldest

    votes






    active

    oldest

    votes








    up vote
    9
    down vote













    You're missing a factor of $6$ in the second case, since you can choose two slots for the two equal numbers in $binom42$ ways. Then you get $frac9361000$, as José wrote. Since the book says $frac9631000$, apparently they're also counting the case of two pairs, and "more than $2$ are the same" means that there's at least a triple. That adds another $fracbinom42binom10210^4=frac271000$, so the total is then $frac9631000$.






    share|cite|improve this answer


























      up vote
      9
      down vote













      You're missing a factor of $6$ in the second case, since you can choose two slots for the two equal numbers in $binom42$ ways. Then you get $frac9361000$, as José wrote. Since the book says $frac9631000$, apparently they're also counting the case of two pairs, and "more than $2$ are the same" means that there's at least a triple. That adds another $fracbinom42binom10210^4=frac271000$, so the total is then $frac9631000$.






      share|cite|improve this answer
























        up vote
        9
        down vote










        up vote
        9
        down vote









        You're missing a factor of $6$ in the second case, since you can choose two slots for the two equal numbers in $binom42$ ways. Then you get $frac9361000$, as José wrote. Since the book says $frac9631000$, apparently they're also counting the case of two pairs, and "more than $2$ are the same" means that there's at least a triple. That adds another $fracbinom42binom10210^4=frac271000$, so the total is then $frac9631000$.






        share|cite|improve this answer














        You're missing a factor of $6$ in the second case, since you can choose two slots for the two equal numbers in $binom42$ ways. Then you get $frac9361000$, as José wrote. Since the book says $frac9631000$, apparently they're also counting the case of two pairs, and "more than $2$ are the same" means that there's at least a triple. That adds another $fracbinom42binom10210^4=frac271000$, so the total is then $frac9631000$.







        share|cite|improve this answer














        share|cite|improve this answer



        share|cite|improve this answer








        edited Sep 4 at 9:49

























        answered Sep 4 at 9:39









        joriki

        167k10180333




        167k10180333




















            up vote
            5
            down vote













            You can solve it by subtraction: the complementary of the event in your problem consists in having a quartet of equal numbers or a triplet and a different number.



            The probability of getting four equal numbers is $frac1010000,$ because there are ten numbers available to be all equal.



            The probability of having a triplet is $frac4times10times 910000$ because there are four positions where to place the "single one", 10 numbers that the triplet can assume and nine that the single can have.



            Summing these two probabilities, you obtain $frac37010000$ which is exactly $1-frac9631000.$






            share|cite|improve this answer


















            • 1




              Thanks for the edit :)
              – Riccardo Ceccon
              Sep 4 at 9:51














            up vote
            5
            down vote













            You can solve it by subtraction: the complementary of the event in your problem consists in having a quartet of equal numbers or a triplet and a different number.



            The probability of getting four equal numbers is $frac1010000,$ because there are ten numbers available to be all equal.



            The probability of having a triplet is $frac4times10times 910000$ because there are four positions where to place the "single one", 10 numbers that the triplet can assume and nine that the single can have.



            Summing these two probabilities, you obtain $frac37010000$ which is exactly $1-frac9631000.$






            share|cite|improve this answer


















            • 1




              Thanks for the edit :)
              – Riccardo Ceccon
              Sep 4 at 9:51












            up vote
            5
            down vote










            up vote
            5
            down vote









            You can solve it by subtraction: the complementary of the event in your problem consists in having a quartet of equal numbers or a triplet and a different number.



            The probability of getting four equal numbers is $frac1010000,$ because there are ten numbers available to be all equal.



            The probability of having a triplet is $frac4times10times 910000$ because there are four positions where to place the "single one", 10 numbers that the triplet can assume and nine that the single can have.



            Summing these two probabilities, you obtain $frac37010000$ which is exactly $1-frac9631000.$






            share|cite|improve this answer














            You can solve it by subtraction: the complementary of the event in your problem consists in having a quartet of equal numbers or a triplet and a different number.



            The probability of getting four equal numbers is $frac1010000,$ because there are ten numbers available to be all equal.



            The probability of having a triplet is $frac4times10times 910000$ because there are four positions where to place the "single one", 10 numbers that the triplet can assume and nine that the single can have.



            Summing these two probabilities, you obtain $frac37010000$ which is exactly $1-frac9631000.$







            share|cite|improve this answer














            share|cite|improve this answer



            share|cite|improve this answer








            edited Sep 4 at 9:49









            joriki

            167k10180333




            167k10180333










            answered Sep 4 at 9:46









            Riccardo Ceccon

            850220




            850220







            • 1




              Thanks for the edit :)
              – Riccardo Ceccon
              Sep 4 at 9:51












            • 1




              Thanks for the edit :)
              – Riccardo Ceccon
              Sep 4 at 9:51







            1




            1




            Thanks for the edit :)
            – Riccardo Ceccon
            Sep 4 at 9:51




            Thanks for the edit :)
            – Riccardo Ceccon
            Sep 4 at 9:51










            up vote
            5
            down vote













            You may first calculate the complementary probability.



            • There are $10$ 4-digit groups with 4 identical digits

            • There are $4 choose 3$ choices of places to put 1 out of 10 digits into these 3 places and 9 other digits to fill the remaining place: $4 choose 3 cdot 10 cdot 9$

            All together, the probability of getting 3 or 4 equal digits is
            $$P(mbox3 or 4 equal digits) =frac10 + 4 choose 3 cdot 10 cdot 910^4 = frac3710^3 Rightarrow $$
            $$P(mboxat most 2 equal) = 1-frac3710^3 = frac9631000 $$






            share|cite|improve this answer




















            • Thanks! But could you point out my mistake in doing the normal way without complementary?
              – user585380
              Sep 4 at 9:56










            • @user585380: Your first number is right. The second is wrong. But you did not show your reasoning how you got your second number. You may split the second case (2 equal digits) into two subcases: (1) - exactly one pair; (2) - exactly 2 different (!) pairs.
              – trancelocation
              Sep 4 at 10:35











            • We can't have 2 different pairs, right? I got the second number by: 9/10*1/10*8/10 (to get two similar numbers).
              – user585380
              Sep 4 at 14:28










            • @user585380: Your number $frac910cdot frac110cdot frac810$ corresponds to $frac110$ for the double digit and $frac910$ and $frac810$ for the two remaining digits. But your calculation does not distinguish, for example, between $1123$, $1213$, $1231$, .... Besides this your calculation excludes cases with two pairs like $1122$. I hope this helps you understand what you overlooked in your calculation.
              – trancelocation
              Sep 5 at 3:41















            up vote
            5
            down vote













            You may first calculate the complementary probability.



            • There are $10$ 4-digit groups with 4 identical digits

            • There are $4 choose 3$ choices of places to put 1 out of 10 digits into these 3 places and 9 other digits to fill the remaining place: $4 choose 3 cdot 10 cdot 9$

            All together, the probability of getting 3 or 4 equal digits is
            $$P(mbox3 or 4 equal digits) =frac10 + 4 choose 3 cdot 10 cdot 910^4 = frac3710^3 Rightarrow $$
            $$P(mboxat most 2 equal) = 1-frac3710^3 = frac9631000 $$






            share|cite|improve this answer




















            • Thanks! But could you point out my mistake in doing the normal way without complementary?
              – user585380
              Sep 4 at 9:56










            • @user585380: Your first number is right. The second is wrong. But you did not show your reasoning how you got your second number. You may split the second case (2 equal digits) into two subcases: (1) - exactly one pair; (2) - exactly 2 different (!) pairs.
              – trancelocation
              Sep 4 at 10:35











            • We can't have 2 different pairs, right? I got the second number by: 9/10*1/10*8/10 (to get two similar numbers).
              – user585380
              Sep 4 at 14:28










            • @user585380: Your number $frac910cdot frac110cdot frac810$ corresponds to $frac110$ for the double digit and $frac910$ and $frac810$ for the two remaining digits. But your calculation does not distinguish, for example, between $1123$, $1213$, $1231$, .... Besides this your calculation excludes cases with two pairs like $1122$. I hope this helps you understand what you overlooked in your calculation.
              – trancelocation
              Sep 5 at 3:41













            up vote
            5
            down vote










            up vote
            5
            down vote









            You may first calculate the complementary probability.



            • There are $10$ 4-digit groups with 4 identical digits

            • There are $4 choose 3$ choices of places to put 1 out of 10 digits into these 3 places and 9 other digits to fill the remaining place: $4 choose 3 cdot 10 cdot 9$

            All together, the probability of getting 3 or 4 equal digits is
            $$P(mbox3 or 4 equal digits) =frac10 + 4 choose 3 cdot 10 cdot 910^4 = frac3710^3 Rightarrow $$
            $$P(mboxat most 2 equal) = 1-frac3710^3 = frac9631000 $$






            share|cite|improve this answer












            You may first calculate the complementary probability.



            • There are $10$ 4-digit groups with 4 identical digits

            • There are $4 choose 3$ choices of places to put 1 out of 10 digits into these 3 places and 9 other digits to fill the remaining place: $4 choose 3 cdot 10 cdot 9$

            All together, the probability of getting 3 or 4 equal digits is
            $$P(mbox3 or 4 equal digits) =frac10 + 4 choose 3 cdot 10 cdot 910^4 = frac3710^3 Rightarrow $$
            $$P(mboxat most 2 equal) = 1-frac3710^3 = frac9631000 $$







            share|cite|improve this answer












            share|cite|improve this answer



            share|cite|improve this answer










            answered Sep 4 at 9:50









            trancelocation

            5,2251515




            5,2251515











            • Thanks! But could you point out my mistake in doing the normal way without complementary?
              – user585380
              Sep 4 at 9:56










            • @user585380: Your first number is right. The second is wrong. But you did not show your reasoning how you got your second number. You may split the second case (2 equal digits) into two subcases: (1) - exactly one pair; (2) - exactly 2 different (!) pairs.
              – trancelocation
              Sep 4 at 10:35











            • We can't have 2 different pairs, right? I got the second number by: 9/10*1/10*8/10 (to get two similar numbers).
              – user585380
              Sep 4 at 14:28










            • @user585380: Your number $frac910cdot frac110cdot frac810$ corresponds to $frac110$ for the double digit and $frac910$ and $frac810$ for the two remaining digits. But your calculation does not distinguish, for example, between $1123$, $1213$, $1231$, .... Besides this your calculation excludes cases with two pairs like $1122$. I hope this helps you understand what you overlooked in your calculation.
              – trancelocation
              Sep 5 at 3:41

















            • Thanks! But could you point out my mistake in doing the normal way without complementary?
              – user585380
              Sep 4 at 9:56










            • @user585380: Your first number is right. The second is wrong. But you did not show your reasoning how you got your second number. You may split the second case (2 equal digits) into two subcases: (1) - exactly one pair; (2) - exactly 2 different (!) pairs.
              – trancelocation
              Sep 4 at 10:35











            • We can't have 2 different pairs, right? I got the second number by: 9/10*1/10*8/10 (to get two similar numbers).
              – user585380
              Sep 4 at 14:28










            • @user585380: Your number $frac910cdot frac110cdot frac810$ corresponds to $frac110$ for the double digit and $frac910$ and $frac810$ for the two remaining digits. But your calculation does not distinguish, for example, between $1123$, $1213$, $1231$, .... Besides this your calculation excludes cases with two pairs like $1122$. I hope this helps you understand what you overlooked in your calculation.
              – trancelocation
              Sep 5 at 3:41
















            Thanks! But could you point out my mistake in doing the normal way without complementary?
            – user585380
            Sep 4 at 9:56




            Thanks! But could you point out my mistake in doing the normal way without complementary?
            – user585380
            Sep 4 at 9:56












            @user585380: Your first number is right. The second is wrong. But you did not show your reasoning how you got your second number. You may split the second case (2 equal digits) into two subcases: (1) - exactly one pair; (2) - exactly 2 different (!) pairs.
            – trancelocation
            Sep 4 at 10:35





            @user585380: Your first number is right. The second is wrong. But you did not show your reasoning how you got your second number. You may split the second case (2 equal digits) into two subcases: (1) - exactly one pair; (2) - exactly 2 different (!) pairs.
            – trancelocation
            Sep 4 at 10:35













            We can't have 2 different pairs, right? I got the second number by: 9/10*1/10*8/10 (to get two similar numbers).
            – user585380
            Sep 4 at 14:28




            We can't have 2 different pairs, right? I got the second number by: 9/10*1/10*8/10 (to get two similar numbers).
            – user585380
            Sep 4 at 14:28












            @user585380: Your number $frac910cdot frac110cdot frac810$ corresponds to $frac110$ for the double digit and $frac910$ and $frac810$ for the two remaining digits. But your calculation does not distinguish, for example, between $1123$, $1213$, $1231$, .... Besides this your calculation excludes cases with two pairs like $1122$. I hope this helps you understand what you overlooked in your calculation.
            – trancelocation
            Sep 5 at 3:41





            @user585380: Your number $frac910cdot frac110cdot frac810$ corresponds to $frac110$ for the double digit and $frac910$ and $frac810$ for the two remaining digits. But your calculation does not distinguish, for example, between $1123$, $1213$, $1231$, .... Besides this your calculation excludes cases with two pairs like $1122$. I hope this helps you understand what you overlooked in your calculation.
            – trancelocation
            Sep 5 at 3:41


















             

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