Has there ever been a peaceful overthrow of a monarch?
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Has there ever been a peaceful overthrow of a dictator or monarch? By peaceful I mean without assassination, military coup, major violent protests, killing of civilians, war, etc. The closest thing I can think of is during the Glorious Revolution of England, but there were still some lives lost.
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Has there ever been a peaceful overthrow of a dictator or monarch? By peaceful I mean without assassination, military coup, major violent protests, killing of civilians, war, etc. The closest thing I can think of is during the Glorious Revolution of England, but there were still some lives lost.
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up vote
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Has there ever been a peaceful overthrow of a dictator or monarch? By peaceful I mean without assassination, military coup, major violent protests, killing of civilians, war, etc. The closest thing I can think of is during the Glorious Revolution of England, but there were still some lives lost.
government dictatorship
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Has there ever been a peaceful overthrow of a dictator or monarch? By peaceful I mean without assassination, military coup, major violent protests, killing of civilians, war, etc. The closest thing I can think of is during the Glorious Revolution of England, but there were still some lives lost.
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7 Answers
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The abdication of King Edward VIII of England in 1936 was achieved without any bloodshed and resulted in ascension and coronation of his brother George as King of England.
Although legally an abdication there is no doubt that his hand was forced by Parliament as well as Prime Ministers of several Commonwealth dominions.
On 16 November 1936, Edward invited British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to Buckingham Palace and expressed his desire to marry Wallis Simpson when she became free to remarry. Baldwin informed him that his subjects would deem the marriage morally unacceptable, largely because remarriage after divorce was opposed by the Church of England, and the people would not tolerate Simpson as queen. ....
The Prime Ministers of Australia (Joseph Lyons), Canada (Mackenzie King) and South Africa (J. B. M. Hertzog) made clear their opposition to the king marrying a divorcée; ....
It was clear that Edward was not prepared to give up Simpson, and he knew that if he married against the advice of his ministers, he would cause the government to resign, prompting a constitutional crisis. He chose to abdicate.
Assent of the Dominion Parliaments was required because the Statute of Westminster 1931 stated (my emphasis:
And whereas it is meet and proper to set out by
way of preamble to this Act that, inasmuch as the
Crown is the symbol of the free association of the
members of the British Commonwealth of Nations, and
as they are united by a common allegiance to the Crown,
it would be in accord with the established constitutional
position of all the members of the Commonwealth in
relation to one another that any alteration in the law
touching the Succession to the Throne or the Royal Style
and Titles shall hereafter require the assent as well of
the Parliaments of all the Dominions as of the Parliament
of the United Kingdom :
The Greek monarchy has twice been abolished (1924 and 1974) and replaced by a republic consequent to referenda on the issue in 1924 and in 1973.
In March 1815 Napoleon returned from Elba and overthrew King Louis XVIII, beginning The 100 Days.
Firing no shot in his defence, his troop numbers swelled until they became an army. On 5 March, the nominally royalist 5th Infantry Regiment at Grenoble went over to Napoleon en masse. The next day they were joined by the 7th Infantry Regiment under its colonel, Charles de la Bédoyère, who was executed for treason by the Bourbons after the campaign ended. An anecdote illustrates Napoleon's charisma. When royalist troops deployed to stop the march of Napoleon's force at Grenoble, Napoleon stepped out in front of them, ripped open his coat and said "If any of you will shoot his Emperor, here I am." The men joined his cause.
Marshal Ney, now one of Louis XVIII's commanders, had said that Napoleon ought to be brought to Paris in an iron cage, but on 14 March, Ney joined Napoleon with 6,000 men. Five days later, after proceeding through the countryside promising constitutional reform and direct elections to an assembly, to the acclaim of gathered crowds, Napoleon entered the capital, from where Louis XVIII had recently fled.
A popular rumour is that Louis fled in such a rush ahead of Napoeon that, when the latter sat down for dinner in the palace, the seat was still warm.
5
Not sure if Edward VIII's is a valid example of a peaceful overthrow, given that no one wanted him to actually abdicate. They just did not want him to marry Mrs. Wallis Simpson, and expected him to comply. After all, who would give away their Crown, their Empire, for "love"? The fact that Edward did, came as a HUGE surprise. Peaceful? Yes. Overthrow? Nope.
â walen
5 hours ago
1
I don't think the last example with Napoleon (and many similar cases) qualify: it was still done under the threat of military force, even if an implicit threat. Overthrow? Yes. Peaceful? Nope.
â Zeus
4 hours ago
3
@walen: What are you talking about? Edward was a Nazi sycophant everyone was thoroughly glad to be rid of. Even his father remarked to Baldwin: "After I am dead, the boy will ruin himself in twelve months." [Keith Middlemas and John Barnes, Baldwin (1969) ch.34]. You have mistaken overwhelming pleasure at Edward's decision for surprise.
â Pieter Geerkens
3 hours ago
Could you make the case that Napoleon's case is not exactly the peaceful overthrow of a dictator, but rather the replacement of one dictator with another?
â Wayne Conrad
3 hours ago
There's a compelling argument that it wasn't "love" but Fascism: lrb.co.uk/v10/n16/paul-foot/the-great-times-they-could-have-had
â pjc50
3 hours ago
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Eric of Pomerania, King of Denmark and Sweden from 1396 to 1439 was deposed by the National Councils of Denmark and Sweden following a dispute over who should succeed him.
When the Danish nobility subsequently opposed his rule and refused to
ratify his choice of Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania as the next King
of Denmark, King Eric left Denmark in response and took up permanent
residence at Visborg Castle in Gotland, apparently as a kind of a
âÂÂroyal strikeâÂÂ, which led to his deposition by the National Councils
of Denmark and Sweden in 1439.
The 1986 People Power Revolution in the Philippines led to the overthrow of the dictator Ferdinand Marcos, largely through a series huge peaceful demonstrations.
The army refused to fire on the demonstrators (although they did at first use tear gas) and Marcos was forced to flee the Philippines. Despite some military action against a TV station, there do not appear to have been any deaths. Filipinos were justly proud of what they achieved "without bloodshed".
Jose Parco, Aklan: The main achievement of people power was that we
got rid of a despot in a very peaceful way. For the first time in
ages, Filipinos were united to make a change for the better. We showed
the world that we are a civilized people as there was no bloodshed. It
also taught us the power of prayer!
Lydia Reyes, Bataan: The Edsa uprising was a peaceful revolt and yet
it regained democracy in our country. That was the beauty of it.
Pedro Alagano, Vigan City: The beauty is that there was overwhelming
euphoria in our country and Filipinos were hailed around the world for
a bloodless revolution that toppled a dictator.
Cris Rivera, Rizal: It was supernaturally marvelous a fight for
freedom won not by bullets but by flowers and beads of prayers. The
beauty of democracy unfolded.
As the demonstrations were preceded by a failed military coup and as tear gas was used at first, this may be considered borderline.
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The end of German Democratic Republic , a.k.a. East-Germany, was also quite peaceful. Prior to the German Reunification the GDR government applied some degree of oppression, yet the large-scale, peaceful protest made it quite hard to justify using force.
In the end, the GDR held its only free election which brought a government into power that more or less oversaw the reunification with the Feder Republic of Germany, a.k.a. West-Germany
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Without going back that long in time, you have got the Carnation Revolution in Portugal
This is also interesting in the fact that the overthrow was led by the military.
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There was some fighting, though, and a couple of ppl died.
â Tomas By
1 hour ago
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Augusto Pinochet, after 15 years as the dictator of Chile, stepped out of power because on the 5th October 1988 he lost a referendum with about 44% of votes and he accepted that result.
Benito Mussolini fell from power after the Grand Council of Fascism passed a vote of no confidence on him. After that, he was dismissed by King Victor Emmanuel III.
The deposing of Mussolini started a civil war so I'd say it does not count. On the other hand a couple of years later King Umberto II left the country peacefully after the popular vote to transform Italy into a Republic.
â Rad80
46 mins ago
I disagree. The deposing of Mussolini started a civil war because Hitler supported his former ally. As far as Italy alone is concerned, it can safely be described as a âÂÂpeaceful overthrow of a dictatorâÂÂ.
â José Carlos Santos
44 mins ago
Italians shot each other for several months. Both sides had foreign support but that cannot be counted as a peaceful transition. By that standard, the French revolution should count! There have been formal acts deposing the king and he was later executed for treason, not for being a king. Hardly within the scope of the OP.
â Rad80
35 mins ago
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In 1946, Italy held a referendum to change from being a kingdom to a republic.
The last king of Italy, Umberto II, left the country peacefully to live the rest of his life abroad. He also absolved all the soldiers and other civil servants from their oath of fealty to the king.
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Technically the end of the Franco-Regime in Spain was also a peaceful transition. Though it can be disputed, if this was a real overthrow, since Franco died of natural causes.
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I'd say that it was more of a collapse than an overthrow. The regime was not strong enough to survive Franco's demise and some high ranking officials did not fight (or even promoted) the change of regime.
â Zalomon
3 hours ago
Supposedly the high ranking officers wanted to stay in power, but the (newly crowned) king pushed for a transition to a constitutional monarchy.
â Erik
3 hours ago
He did support the move to a constitutional monarchy, but you could say he was a high ranking officer of the regime. He was in fact the designated successor and was supported by other high ranking offices as Manuel Fraga and Adolfo Suárez.
â Zalomon
3 hours ago
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7 Answers
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7 Answers
7
active
oldest
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active
oldest
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up vote
8
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The abdication of King Edward VIII of England in 1936 was achieved without any bloodshed and resulted in ascension and coronation of his brother George as King of England.
Although legally an abdication there is no doubt that his hand was forced by Parliament as well as Prime Ministers of several Commonwealth dominions.
On 16 November 1936, Edward invited British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to Buckingham Palace and expressed his desire to marry Wallis Simpson when she became free to remarry. Baldwin informed him that his subjects would deem the marriage morally unacceptable, largely because remarriage after divorce was opposed by the Church of England, and the people would not tolerate Simpson as queen. ....
The Prime Ministers of Australia (Joseph Lyons), Canada (Mackenzie King) and South Africa (J. B. M. Hertzog) made clear their opposition to the king marrying a divorcée; ....
It was clear that Edward was not prepared to give up Simpson, and he knew that if he married against the advice of his ministers, he would cause the government to resign, prompting a constitutional crisis. He chose to abdicate.
Assent of the Dominion Parliaments was required because the Statute of Westminster 1931 stated (my emphasis:
And whereas it is meet and proper to set out by
way of preamble to this Act that, inasmuch as the
Crown is the symbol of the free association of the
members of the British Commonwealth of Nations, and
as they are united by a common allegiance to the Crown,
it would be in accord with the established constitutional
position of all the members of the Commonwealth in
relation to one another that any alteration in the law
touching the Succession to the Throne or the Royal Style
and Titles shall hereafter require the assent as well of
the Parliaments of all the Dominions as of the Parliament
of the United Kingdom :
The Greek monarchy has twice been abolished (1924 and 1974) and replaced by a republic consequent to referenda on the issue in 1924 and in 1973.
In March 1815 Napoleon returned from Elba and overthrew King Louis XVIII, beginning The 100 Days.
Firing no shot in his defence, his troop numbers swelled until they became an army. On 5 March, the nominally royalist 5th Infantry Regiment at Grenoble went over to Napoleon en masse. The next day they were joined by the 7th Infantry Regiment under its colonel, Charles de la Bédoyère, who was executed for treason by the Bourbons after the campaign ended. An anecdote illustrates Napoleon's charisma. When royalist troops deployed to stop the march of Napoleon's force at Grenoble, Napoleon stepped out in front of them, ripped open his coat and said "If any of you will shoot his Emperor, here I am." The men joined his cause.
Marshal Ney, now one of Louis XVIII's commanders, had said that Napoleon ought to be brought to Paris in an iron cage, but on 14 March, Ney joined Napoleon with 6,000 men. Five days later, after proceeding through the countryside promising constitutional reform and direct elections to an assembly, to the acclaim of gathered crowds, Napoleon entered the capital, from where Louis XVIII had recently fled.
A popular rumour is that Louis fled in such a rush ahead of Napoeon that, when the latter sat down for dinner in the palace, the seat was still warm.
5
Not sure if Edward VIII's is a valid example of a peaceful overthrow, given that no one wanted him to actually abdicate. They just did not want him to marry Mrs. Wallis Simpson, and expected him to comply. After all, who would give away their Crown, their Empire, for "love"? The fact that Edward did, came as a HUGE surprise. Peaceful? Yes. Overthrow? Nope.
â walen
5 hours ago
1
I don't think the last example with Napoleon (and many similar cases) qualify: it was still done under the threat of military force, even if an implicit threat. Overthrow? Yes. Peaceful? Nope.
â Zeus
4 hours ago
3
@walen: What are you talking about? Edward was a Nazi sycophant everyone was thoroughly glad to be rid of. Even his father remarked to Baldwin: "After I am dead, the boy will ruin himself in twelve months." [Keith Middlemas and John Barnes, Baldwin (1969) ch.34]. You have mistaken overwhelming pleasure at Edward's decision for surprise.
â Pieter Geerkens
3 hours ago
Could you make the case that Napoleon's case is not exactly the peaceful overthrow of a dictator, but rather the replacement of one dictator with another?
â Wayne Conrad
3 hours ago
There's a compelling argument that it wasn't "love" but Fascism: lrb.co.uk/v10/n16/paul-foot/the-great-times-they-could-have-had
â pjc50
3 hours ago
 |Â
show 3 more comments
up vote
8
down vote
accepted
The abdication of King Edward VIII of England in 1936 was achieved without any bloodshed and resulted in ascension and coronation of his brother George as King of England.
Although legally an abdication there is no doubt that his hand was forced by Parliament as well as Prime Ministers of several Commonwealth dominions.
On 16 November 1936, Edward invited British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to Buckingham Palace and expressed his desire to marry Wallis Simpson when she became free to remarry. Baldwin informed him that his subjects would deem the marriage morally unacceptable, largely because remarriage after divorce was opposed by the Church of England, and the people would not tolerate Simpson as queen. ....
The Prime Ministers of Australia (Joseph Lyons), Canada (Mackenzie King) and South Africa (J. B. M. Hertzog) made clear their opposition to the king marrying a divorcée; ....
It was clear that Edward was not prepared to give up Simpson, and he knew that if he married against the advice of his ministers, he would cause the government to resign, prompting a constitutional crisis. He chose to abdicate.
Assent of the Dominion Parliaments was required because the Statute of Westminster 1931 stated (my emphasis:
And whereas it is meet and proper to set out by
way of preamble to this Act that, inasmuch as the
Crown is the symbol of the free association of the
members of the British Commonwealth of Nations, and
as they are united by a common allegiance to the Crown,
it would be in accord with the established constitutional
position of all the members of the Commonwealth in
relation to one another that any alteration in the law
touching the Succession to the Throne or the Royal Style
and Titles shall hereafter require the assent as well of
the Parliaments of all the Dominions as of the Parliament
of the United Kingdom :
The Greek monarchy has twice been abolished (1924 and 1974) and replaced by a republic consequent to referenda on the issue in 1924 and in 1973.
In March 1815 Napoleon returned from Elba and overthrew King Louis XVIII, beginning The 100 Days.
Firing no shot in his defence, his troop numbers swelled until they became an army. On 5 March, the nominally royalist 5th Infantry Regiment at Grenoble went over to Napoleon en masse. The next day they were joined by the 7th Infantry Regiment under its colonel, Charles de la Bédoyère, who was executed for treason by the Bourbons after the campaign ended. An anecdote illustrates Napoleon's charisma. When royalist troops deployed to stop the march of Napoleon's force at Grenoble, Napoleon stepped out in front of them, ripped open his coat and said "If any of you will shoot his Emperor, here I am." The men joined his cause.
Marshal Ney, now one of Louis XVIII's commanders, had said that Napoleon ought to be brought to Paris in an iron cage, but on 14 March, Ney joined Napoleon with 6,000 men. Five days later, after proceeding through the countryside promising constitutional reform and direct elections to an assembly, to the acclaim of gathered crowds, Napoleon entered the capital, from where Louis XVIII had recently fled.
A popular rumour is that Louis fled in such a rush ahead of Napoeon that, when the latter sat down for dinner in the palace, the seat was still warm.
5
Not sure if Edward VIII's is a valid example of a peaceful overthrow, given that no one wanted him to actually abdicate. They just did not want him to marry Mrs. Wallis Simpson, and expected him to comply. After all, who would give away their Crown, their Empire, for "love"? The fact that Edward did, came as a HUGE surprise. Peaceful? Yes. Overthrow? Nope.
â walen
5 hours ago
1
I don't think the last example with Napoleon (and many similar cases) qualify: it was still done under the threat of military force, even if an implicit threat. Overthrow? Yes. Peaceful? Nope.
â Zeus
4 hours ago
3
@walen: What are you talking about? Edward was a Nazi sycophant everyone was thoroughly glad to be rid of. Even his father remarked to Baldwin: "After I am dead, the boy will ruin himself in twelve months." [Keith Middlemas and John Barnes, Baldwin (1969) ch.34]. You have mistaken overwhelming pleasure at Edward's decision for surprise.
â Pieter Geerkens
3 hours ago
Could you make the case that Napoleon's case is not exactly the peaceful overthrow of a dictator, but rather the replacement of one dictator with another?
â Wayne Conrad
3 hours ago
There's a compelling argument that it wasn't "love" but Fascism: lrb.co.uk/v10/n16/paul-foot/the-great-times-they-could-have-had
â pjc50
3 hours ago
 |Â
show 3 more comments
up vote
8
down vote
accepted
up vote
8
down vote
accepted
The abdication of King Edward VIII of England in 1936 was achieved without any bloodshed and resulted in ascension and coronation of his brother George as King of England.
Although legally an abdication there is no doubt that his hand was forced by Parliament as well as Prime Ministers of several Commonwealth dominions.
On 16 November 1936, Edward invited British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to Buckingham Palace and expressed his desire to marry Wallis Simpson when she became free to remarry. Baldwin informed him that his subjects would deem the marriage morally unacceptable, largely because remarriage after divorce was opposed by the Church of England, and the people would not tolerate Simpson as queen. ....
The Prime Ministers of Australia (Joseph Lyons), Canada (Mackenzie King) and South Africa (J. B. M. Hertzog) made clear their opposition to the king marrying a divorcée; ....
It was clear that Edward was not prepared to give up Simpson, and he knew that if he married against the advice of his ministers, he would cause the government to resign, prompting a constitutional crisis. He chose to abdicate.
Assent of the Dominion Parliaments was required because the Statute of Westminster 1931 stated (my emphasis:
And whereas it is meet and proper to set out by
way of preamble to this Act that, inasmuch as the
Crown is the symbol of the free association of the
members of the British Commonwealth of Nations, and
as they are united by a common allegiance to the Crown,
it would be in accord with the established constitutional
position of all the members of the Commonwealth in
relation to one another that any alteration in the law
touching the Succession to the Throne or the Royal Style
and Titles shall hereafter require the assent as well of
the Parliaments of all the Dominions as of the Parliament
of the United Kingdom :
The Greek monarchy has twice been abolished (1924 and 1974) and replaced by a republic consequent to referenda on the issue in 1924 and in 1973.
In March 1815 Napoleon returned from Elba and overthrew King Louis XVIII, beginning The 100 Days.
Firing no shot in his defence, his troop numbers swelled until they became an army. On 5 March, the nominally royalist 5th Infantry Regiment at Grenoble went over to Napoleon en masse. The next day they were joined by the 7th Infantry Regiment under its colonel, Charles de la Bédoyère, who was executed for treason by the Bourbons after the campaign ended. An anecdote illustrates Napoleon's charisma. When royalist troops deployed to stop the march of Napoleon's force at Grenoble, Napoleon stepped out in front of them, ripped open his coat and said "If any of you will shoot his Emperor, here I am." The men joined his cause.
Marshal Ney, now one of Louis XVIII's commanders, had said that Napoleon ought to be brought to Paris in an iron cage, but on 14 March, Ney joined Napoleon with 6,000 men. Five days later, after proceeding through the countryside promising constitutional reform and direct elections to an assembly, to the acclaim of gathered crowds, Napoleon entered the capital, from where Louis XVIII had recently fled.
A popular rumour is that Louis fled in such a rush ahead of Napoeon that, when the latter sat down for dinner in the palace, the seat was still warm.
The abdication of King Edward VIII of England in 1936 was achieved without any bloodshed and resulted in ascension and coronation of his brother George as King of England.
Although legally an abdication there is no doubt that his hand was forced by Parliament as well as Prime Ministers of several Commonwealth dominions.
On 16 November 1936, Edward invited British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to Buckingham Palace and expressed his desire to marry Wallis Simpson when she became free to remarry. Baldwin informed him that his subjects would deem the marriage morally unacceptable, largely because remarriage after divorce was opposed by the Church of England, and the people would not tolerate Simpson as queen. ....
The Prime Ministers of Australia (Joseph Lyons), Canada (Mackenzie King) and South Africa (J. B. M. Hertzog) made clear their opposition to the king marrying a divorcée; ....
It was clear that Edward was not prepared to give up Simpson, and he knew that if he married against the advice of his ministers, he would cause the government to resign, prompting a constitutional crisis. He chose to abdicate.
Assent of the Dominion Parliaments was required because the Statute of Westminster 1931 stated (my emphasis:
And whereas it is meet and proper to set out by
way of preamble to this Act that, inasmuch as the
Crown is the symbol of the free association of the
members of the British Commonwealth of Nations, and
as they are united by a common allegiance to the Crown,
it would be in accord with the established constitutional
position of all the members of the Commonwealth in
relation to one another that any alteration in the law
touching the Succession to the Throne or the Royal Style
and Titles shall hereafter require the assent as well of
the Parliaments of all the Dominions as of the Parliament
of the United Kingdom :
The Greek monarchy has twice been abolished (1924 and 1974) and replaced by a republic consequent to referenda on the issue in 1924 and in 1973.
In March 1815 Napoleon returned from Elba and overthrew King Louis XVIII, beginning The 100 Days.
Firing no shot in his defence, his troop numbers swelled until they became an army. On 5 March, the nominally royalist 5th Infantry Regiment at Grenoble went over to Napoleon en masse. The next day they were joined by the 7th Infantry Regiment under its colonel, Charles de la Bédoyère, who was executed for treason by the Bourbons after the campaign ended. An anecdote illustrates Napoleon's charisma. When royalist troops deployed to stop the march of Napoleon's force at Grenoble, Napoleon stepped out in front of them, ripped open his coat and said "If any of you will shoot his Emperor, here I am." The men joined his cause.
Marshal Ney, now one of Louis XVIII's commanders, had said that Napoleon ought to be brought to Paris in an iron cage, but on 14 March, Ney joined Napoleon with 6,000 men. Five days later, after proceeding through the countryside promising constitutional reform and direct elections to an assembly, to the acclaim of gathered crowds, Napoleon entered the capital, from where Louis XVIII had recently fled.
A popular rumour is that Louis fled in such a rush ahead of Napoeon that, when the latter sat down for dinner in the palace, the seat was still warm.
edited 12 hours ago
answered 12 hours ago
Pieter Geerkens
33.9k590160
33.9k590160
5
Not sure if Edward VIII's is a valid example of a peaceful overthrow, given that no one wanted him to actually abdicate. They just did not want him to marry Mrs. Wallis Simpson, and expected him to comply. After all, who would give away their Crown, their Empire, for "love"? The fact that Edward did, came as a HUGE surprise. Peaceful? Yes. Overthrow? Nope.
â walen
5 hours ago
1
I don't think the last example with Napoleon (and many similar cases) qualify: it was still done under the threat of military force, even if an implicit threat. Overthrow? Yes. Peaceful? Nope.
â Zeus
4 hours ago
3
@walen: What are you talking about? Edward was a Nazi sycophant everyone was thoroughly glad to be rid of. Even his father remarked to Baldwin: "After I am dead, the boy will ruin himself in twelve months." [Keith Middlemas and John Barnes, Baldwin (1969) ch.34]. You have mistaken overwhelming pleasure at Edward's decision for surprise.
â Pieter Geerkens
3 hours ago
Could you make the case that Napoleon's case is not exactly the peaceful overthrow of a dictator, but rather the replacement of one dictator with another?
â Wayne Conrad
3 hours ago
There's a compelling argument that it wasn't "love" but Fascism: lrb.co.uk/v10/n16/paul-foot/the-great-times-they-could-have-had
â pjc50
3 hours ago
 |Â
show 3 more comments
5
Not sure if Edward VIII's is a valid example of a peaceful overthrow, given that no one wanted him to actually abdicate. They just did not want him to marry Mrs. Wallis Simpson, and expected him to comply. After all, who would give away their Crown, their Empire, for "love"? The fact that Edward did, came as a HUGE surprise. Peaceful? Yes. Overthrow? Nope.
â walen
5 hours ago
1
I don't think the last example with Napoleon (and many similar cases) qualify: it was still done under the threat of military force, even if an implicit threat. Overthrow? Yes. Peaceful? Nope.
â Zeus
4 hours ago
3
@walen: What are you talking about? Edward was a Nazi sycophant everyone was thoroughly glad to be rid of. Even his father remarked to Baldwin: "After I am dead, the boy will ruin himself in twelve months." [Keith Middlemas and John Barnes, Baldwin (1969) ch.34]. You have mistaken overwhelming pleasure at Edward's decision for surprise.
â Pieter Geerkens
3 hours ago
Could you make the case that Napoleon's case is not exactly the peaceful overthrow of a dictator, but rather the replacement of one dictator with another?
â Wayne Conrad
3 hours ago
There's a compelling argument that it wasn't "love" but Fascism: lrb.co.uk/v10/n16/paul-foot/the-great-times-they-could-have-had
â pjc50
3 hours ago
5
5
Not sure if Edward VIII's is a valid example of a peaceful overthrow, given that no one wanted him to actually abdicate. They just did not want him to marry Mrs. Wallis Simpson, and expected him to comply. After all, who would give away their Crown, their Empire, for "love"? The fact that Edward did, came as a HUGE surprise. Peaceful? Yes. Overthrow? Nope.
â walen
5 hours ago
Not sure if Edward VIII's is a valid example of a peaceful overthrow, given that no one wanted him to actually abdicate. They just did not want him to marry Mrs. Wallis Simpson, and expected him to comply. After all, who would give away their Crown, their Empire, for "love"? The fact that Edward did, came as a HUGE surprise. Peaceful? Yes. Overthrow? Nope.
â walen
5 hours ago
1
1
I don't think the last example with Napoleon (and many similar cases) qualify: it was still done under the threat of military force, even if an implicit threat. Overthrow? Yes. Peaceful? Nope.
â Zeus
4 hours ago
I don't think the last example with Napoleon (and many similar cases) qualify: it was still done under the threat of military force, even if an implicit threat. Overthrow? Yes. Peaceful? Nope.
â Zeus
4 hours ago
3
3
@walen: What are you talking about? Edward was a Nazi sycophant everyone was thoroughly glad to be rid of. Even his father remarked to Baldwin: "After I am dead, the boy will ruin himself in twelve months." [Keith Middlemas and John Barnes, Baldwin (1969) ch.34]. You have mistaken overwhelming pleasure at Edward's decision for surprise.
â Pieter Geerkens
3 hours ago
@walen: What are you talking about? Edward was a Nazi sycophant everyone was thoroughly glad to be rid of. Even his father remarked to Baldwin: "After I am dead, the boy will ruin himself in twelve months." [Keith Middlemas and John Barnes, Baldwin (1969) ch.34]. You have mistaken overwhelming pleasure at Edward's decision for surprise.
â Pieter Geerkens
3 hours ago
Could you make the case that Napoleon's case is not exactly the peaceful overthrow of a dictator, but rather the replacement of one dictator with another?
â Wayne Conrad
3 hours ago
Could you make the case that Napoleon's case is not exactly the peaceful overthrow of a dictator, but rather the replacement of one dictator with another?
â Wayne Conrad
3 hours ago
There's a compelling argument that it wasn't "love" but Fascism: lrb.co.uk/v10/n16/paul-foot/the-great-times-they-could-have-had
â pjc50
3 hours ago
There's a compelling argument that it wasn't "love" but Fascism: lrb.co.uk/v10/n16/paul-foot/the-great-times-they-could-have-had
â pjc50
3 hours ago
 |Â
show 3 more comments
up vote
8
down vote
Eric of Pomerania, King of Denmark and Sweden from 1396 to 1439 was deposed by the National Councils of Denmark and Sweden following a dispute over who should succeed him.
When the Danish nobility subsequently opposed his rule and refused to
ratify his choice of Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania as the next King
of Denmark, King Eric left Denmark in response and took up permanent
residence at Visborg Castle in Gotland, apparently as a kind of a
âÂÂroyal strikeâÂÂ, which led to his deposition by the National Councils
of Denmark and Sweden in 1439.
The 1986 People Power Revolution in the Philippines led to the overthrow of the dictator Ferdinand Marcos, largely through a series huge peaceful demonstrations.
The army refused to fire on the demonstrators (although they did at first use tear gas) and Marcos was forced to flee the Philippines. Despite some military action against a TV station, there do not appear to have been any deaths. Filipinos were justly proud of what they achieved "without bloodshed".
Jose Parco, Aklan: The main achievement of people power was that we
got rid of a despot in a very peaceful way. For the first time in
ages, Filipinos were united to make a change for the better. We showed
the world that we are a civilized people as there was no bloodshed. It
also taught us the power of prayer!
Lydia Reyes, Bataan: The Edsa uprising was a peaceful revolt and yet
it regained democracy in our country. That was the beauty of it.
Pedro Alagano, Vigan City: The beauty is that there was overwhelming
euphoria in our country and Filipinos were hailed around the world for
a bloodless revolution that toppled a dictator.
Cris Rivera, Rizal: It was supernaturally marvelous a fight for
freedom won not by bullets but by flowers and beads of prayers. The
beauty of democracy unfolded.
As the demonstrations were preceded by a failed military coup and as tear gas was used at first, this may be considered borderline.
add a comment |Â
up vote
8
down vote
Eric of Pomerania, King of Denmark and Sweden from 1396 to 1439 was deposed by the National Councils of Denmark and Sweden following a dispute over who should succeed him.
When the Danish nobility subsequently opposed his rule and refused to
ratify his choice of Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania as the next King
of Denmark, King Eric left Denmark in response and took up permanent
residence at Visborg Castle in Gotland, apparently as a kind of a
âÂÂroyal strikeâÂÂ, which led to his deposition by the National Councils
of Denmark and Sweden in 1439.
The 1986 People Power Revolution in the Philippines led to the overthrow of the dictator Ferdinand Marcos, largely through a series huge peaceful demonstrations.
The army refused to fire on the demonstrators (although they did at first use tear gas) and Marcos was forced to flee the Philippines. Despite some military action against a TV station, there do not appear to have been any deaths. Filipinos were justly proud of what they achieved "without bloodshed".
Jose Parco, Aklan: The main achievement of people power was that we
got rid of a despot in a very peaceful way. For the first time in
ages, Filipinos were united to make a change for the better. We showed
the world that we are a civilized people as there was no bloodshed. It
also taught us the power of prayer!
Lydia Reyes, Bataan: The Edsa uprising was a peaceful revolt and yet
it regained democracy in our country. That was the beauty of it.
Pedro Alagano, Vigan City: The beauty is that there was overwhelming
euphoria in our country and Filipinos were hailed around the world for
a bloodless revolution that toppled a dictator.
Cris Rivera, Rizal: It was supernaturally marvelous a fight for
freedom won not by bullets but by flowers and beads of prayers. The
beauty of democracy unfolded.
As the demonstrations were preceded by a failed military coup and as tear gas was used at first, this may be considered borderline.
add a comment |Â
up vote
8
down vote
up vote
8
down vote
Eric of Pomerania, King of Denmark and Sweden from 1396 to 1439 was deposed by the National Councils of Denmark and Sweden following a dispute over who should succeed him.
When the Danish nobility subsequently opposed his rule and refused to
ratify his choice of Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania as the next King
of Denmark, King Eric left Denmark in response and took up permanent
residence at Visborg Castle in Gotland, apparently as a kind of a
âÂÂroyal strikeâÂÂ, which led to his deposition by the National Councils
of Denmark and Sweden in 1439.
The 1986 People Power Revolution in the Philippines led to the overthrow of the dictator Ferdinand Marcos, largely through a series huge peaceful demonstrations.
The army refused to fire on the demonstrators (although they did at first use tear gas) and Marcos was forced to flee the Philippines. Despite some military action against a TV station, there do not appear to have been any deaths. Filipinos were justly proud of what they achieved "without bloodshed".
Jose Parco, Aklan: The main achievement of people power was that we
got rid of a despot in a very peaceful way. For the first time in
ages, Filipinos were united to make a change for the better. We showed
the world that we are a civilized people as there was no bloodshed. It
also taught us the power of prayer!
Lydia Reyes, Bataan: The Edsa uprising was a peaceful revolt and yet
it regained democracy in our country. That was the beauty of it.
Pedro Alagano, Vigan City: The beauty is that there was overwhelming
euphoria in our country and Filipinos were hailed around the world for
a bloodless revolution that toppled a dictator.
Cris Rivera, Rizal: It was supernaturally marvelous a fight for
freedom won not by bullets but by flowers and beads of prayers. The
beauty of democracy unfolded.
As the demonstrations were preceded by a failed military coup and as tear gas was used at first, this may be considered borderline.
Eric of Pomerania, King of Denmark and Sweden from 1396 to 1439 was deposed by the National Councils of Denmark and Sweden following a dispute over who should succeed him.
When the Danish nobility subsequently opposed his rule and refused to
ratify his choice of Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania as the next King
of Denmark, King Eric left Denmark in response and took up permanent
residence at Visborg Castle in Gotland, apparently as a kind of a
âÂÂroyal strikeâÂÂ, which led to his deposition by the National Councils
of Denmark and Sweden in 1439.
The 1986 People Power Revolution in the Philippines led to the overthrow of the dictator Ferdinand Marcos, largely through a series huge peaceful demonstrations.
The army refused to fire on the demonstrators (although they did at first use tear gas) and Marcos was forced to flee the Philippines. Despite some military action against a TV station, there do not appear to have been any deaths. Filipinos were justly proud of what they achieved "without bloodshed".
Jose Parco, Aklan: The main achievement of people power was that we
got rid of a despot in a very peaceful way. For the first time in
ages, Filipinos were united to make a change for the better. We showed
the world that we are a civilized people as there was no bloodshed. It
also taught us the power of prayer!
Lydia Reyes, Bataan: The Edsa uprising was a peaceful revolt and yet
it regained democracy in our country. That was the beauty of it.
Pedro Alagano, Vigan City: The beauty is that there was overwhelming
euphoria in our country and Filipinos were hailed around the world for
a bloodless revolution that toppled a dictator.
Cris Rivera, Rizal: It was supernaturally marvelous a fight for
freedom won not by bullets but by flowers and beads of prayers. The
beauty of democracy unfolded.
As the demonstrations were preceded by a failed military coup and as tear gas was used at first, this may be considered borderline.
answered 11 hours ago
Lars Bosteen
29k7145199
29k7145199
add a comment |Â
add a comment |Â
up vote
6
down vote
The end of German Democratic Republic , a.k.a. East-Germany, was also quite peaceful. Prior to the German Reunification the GDR government applied some degree of oppression, yet the large-scale, peaceful protest made it quite hard to justify using force.
In the end, the GDR held its only free election which brought a government into power that more or less oversaw the reunification with the Feder Republic of Germany, a.k.a. West-Germany
add a comment |Â
up vote
6
down vote
The end of German Democratic Republic , a.k.a. East-Germany, was also quite peaceful. Prior to the German Reunification the GDR government applied some degree of oppression, yet the large-scale, peaceful protest made it quite hard to justify using force.
In the end, the GDR held its only free election which brought a government into power that more or less oversaw the reunification with the Feder Republic of Germany, a.k.a. West-Germany
add a comment |Â
up vote
6
down vote
up vote
6
down vote
The end of German Democratic Republic , a.k.a. East-Germany, was also quite peaceful. Prior to the German Reunification the GDR government applied some degree of oppression, yet the large-scale, peaceful protest made it quite hard to justify using force.
In the end, the GDR held its only free election which brought a government into power that more or less oversaw the reunification with the Feder Republic of Germany, a.k.a. West-Germany
The end of German Democratic Republic , a.k.a. East-Germany, was also quite peaceful. Prior to the German Reunification the GDR government applied some degree of oppression, yet the large-scale, peaceful protest made it quite hard to justify using force.
In the end, the GDR held its only free election which brought a government into power that more or less oversaw the reunification with the Feder Republic of Germany, a.k.a. West-Germany
answered 5 hours ago
Dohn Joe
52818
52818
add a comment |Â
add a comment |Â
up vote
6
down vote
Without going back that long in time, you have got the Carnation Revolution in Portugal
This is also interesting in the fact that the overthrow was led by the military.
New contributor
There was some fighting, though, and a couple of ppl died.
â Tomas By
1 hour ago
add a comment |Â
up vote
6
down vote
Without going back that long in time, you have got the Carnation Revolution in Portugal
This is also interesting in the fact that the overthrow was led by the military.
New contributor
There was some fighting, though, and a couple of ppl died.
â Tomas By
1 hour ago
add a comment |Â
up vote
6
down vote
up vote
6
down vote
Without going back that long in time, you have got the Carnation Revolution in Portugal
This is also interesting in the fact that the overthrow was led by the military.
New contributor
Without going back that long in time, you have got the Carnation Revolution in Portugal
This is also interesting in the fact that the overthrow was led by the military.
New contributor
edited 3 hours ago
Steve Bird
11.6k25064
11.6k25064
New contributor
answered 3 hours ago
Zalomon
1611
1611
New contributor
New contributor
There was some fighting, though, and a couple of ppl died.
â Tomas By
1 hour ago
add a comment |Â
There was some fighting, though, and a couple of ppl died.
â Tomas By
1 hour ago
There was some fighting, though, and a couple of ppl died.
â Tomas By
1 hour ago
There was some fighting, though, and a couple of ppl died.
â Tomas By
1 hour ago
add a comment |Â
up vote
6
down vote
Augusto Pinochet, after 15 years as the dictator of Chile, stepped out of power because on the 5th October 1988 he lost a referendum with about 44% of votes and he accepted that result.
Benito Mussolini fell from power after the Grand Council of Fascism passed a vote of no confidence on him. After that, he was dismissed by King Victor Emmanuel III.
The deposing of Mussolini started a civil war so I'd say it does not count. On the other hand a couple of years later King Umberto II left the country peacefully after the popular vote to transform Italy into a Republic.
â Rad80
46 mins ago
I disagree. The deposing of Mussolini started a civil war because Hitler supported his former ally. As far as Italy alone is concerned, it can safely be described as a âÂÂpeaceful overthrow of a dictatorâÂÂ.
â José Carlos Santos
44 mins ago
Italians shot each other for several months. Both sides had foreign support but that cannot be counted as a peaceful transition. By that standard, the French revolution should count! There have been formal acts deposing the king and he was later executed for treason, not for being a king. Hardly within the scope of the OP.
â Rad80
35 mins ago
add a comment |Â
up vote
6
down vote
Augusto Pinochet, after 15 years as the dictator of Chile, stepped out of power because on the 5th October 1988 he lost a referendum with about 44% of votes and he accepted that result.
Benito Mussolini fell from power after the Grand Council of Fascism passed a vote of no confidence on him. After that, he was dismissed by King Victor Emmanuel III.
The deposing of Mussolini started a civil war so I'd say it does not count. On the other hand a couple of years later King Umberto II left the country peacefully after the popular vote to transform Italy into a Republic.
â Rad80
46 mins ago
I disagree. The deposing of Mussolini started a civil war because Hitler supported his former ally. As far as Italy alone is concerned, it can safely be described as a âÂÂpeaceful overthrow of a dictatorâÂÂ.
â José Carlos Santos
44 mins ago
Italians shot each other for several months. Both sides had foreign support but that cannot be counted as a peaceful transition. By that standard, the French revolution should count! There have been formal acts deposing the king and he was later executed for treason, not for being a king. Hardly within the scope of the OP.
â Rad80
35 mins ago
add a comment |Â
up vote
6
down vote
up vote
6
down vote
Augusto Pinochet, after 15 years as the dictator of Chile, stepped out of power because on the 5th October 1988 he lost a referendum with about 44% of votes and he accepted that result.
Benito Mussolini fell from power after the Grand Council of Fascism passed a vote of no confidence on him. After that, he was dismissed by King Victor Emmanuel III.
Augusto Pinochet, after 15 years as the dictator of Chile, stepped out of power because on the 5th October 1988 he lost a referendum with about 44% of votes and he accepted that result.
Benito Mussolini fell from power after the Grand Council of Fascism passed a vote of no confidence on him. After that, he was dismissed by King Victor Emmanuel III.
edited 2 hours ago
answered 3 hours ago
José Carlos Santos
674321
674321
The deposing of Mussolini started a civil war so I'd say it does not count. On the other hand a couple of years later King Umberto II left the country peacefully after the popular vote to transform Italy into a Republic.
â Rad80
46 mins ago
I disagree. The deposing of Mussolini started a civil war because Hitler supported his former ally. As far as Italy alone is concerned, it can safely be described as a âÂÂpeaceful overthrow of a dictatorâÂÂ.
â José Carlos Santos
44 mins ago
Italians shot each other for several months. Both sides had foreign support but that cannot be counted as a peaceful transition. By that standard, the French revolution should count! There have been formal acts deposing the king and he was later executed for treason, not for being a king. Hardly within the scope of the OP.
â Rad80
35 mins ago
add a comment |Â
The deposing of Mussolini started a civil war so I'd say it does not count. On the other hand a couple of years later King Umberto II left the country peacefully after the popular vote to transform Italy into a Republic.
â Rad80
46 mins ago
I disagree. The deposing of Mussolini started a civil war because Hitler supported his former ally. As far as Italy alone is concerned, it can safely be described as a âÂÂpeaceful overthrow of a dictatorâÂÂ.
â José Carlos Santos
44 mins ago
Italians shot each other for several months. Both sides had foreign support but that cannot be counted as a peaceful transition. By that standard, the French revolution should count! There have been formal acts deposing the king and he was later executed for treason, not for being a king. Hardly within the scope of the OP.
â Rad80
35 mins ago
The deposing of Mussolini started a civil war so I'd say it does not count. On the other hand a couple of years later King Umberto II left the country peacefully after the popular vote to transform Italy into a Republic.
â Rad80
46 mins ago
The deposing of Mussolini started a civil war so I'd say it does not count. On the other hand a couple of years later King Umberto II left the country peacefully after the popular vote to transform Italy into a Republic.
â Rad80
46 mins ago
I disagree. The deposing of Mussolini started a civil war because Hitler supported his former ally. As far as Italy alone is concerned, it can safely be described as a âÂÂpeaceful overthrow of a dictatorâÂÂ.
â José Carlos Santos
44 mins ago
I disagree. The deposing of Mussolini started a civil war because Hitler supported his former ally. As far as Italy alone is concerned, it can safely be described as a âÂÂpeaceful overthrow of a dictatorâÂÂ.
â José Carlos Santos
44 mins ago
Italians shot each other for several months. Both sides had foreign support but that cannot be counted as a peaceful transition. By that standard, the French revolution should count! There have been formal acts deposing the king and he was later executed for treason, not for being a king. Hardly within the scope of the OP.
â Rad80
35 mins ago
Italians shot each other for several months. Both sides had foreign support but that cannot be counted as a peaceful transition. By that standard, the French revolution should count! There have been formal acts deposing the king and he was later executed for treason, not for being a king. Hardly within the scope of the OP.
â Rad80
35 mins ago
add a comment |Â
up vote
4
down vote
In 1946, Italy held a referendum to change from being a kingdom to a republic.
The last king of Italy, Umberto II, left the country peacefully to live the rest of his life abroad. He also absolved all the soldiers and other civil servants from their oath of fealty to the king.
New contributor
add a comment |Â
up vote
4
down vote
In 1946, Italy held a referendum to change from being a kingdom to a republic.
The last king of Italy, Umberto II, left the country peacefully to live the rest of his life abroad. He also absolved all the soldiers and other civil servants from their oath of fealty to the king.
New contributor
add a comment |Â
up vote
4
down vote
up vote
4
down vote
In 1946, Italy held a referendum to change from being a kingdom to a republic.
The last king of Italy, Umberto II, left the country peacefully to live the rest of his life abroad. He also absolved all the soldiers and other civil servants from their oath of fealty to the king.
New contributor
In 1946, Italy held a referendum to change from being a kingdom to a republic.
The last king of Italy, Umberto II, left the country peacefully to live the rest of his life abroad. He also absolved all the soldiers and other civil servants from their oath of fealty to the king.
New contributor
edited 33 mins ago
New contributor
answered 39 mins ago
Rad80
1412
1412
New contributor
New contributor
add a comment |Â
add a comment |Â
up vote
0
down vote
Technically the end of the Franco-Regime in Spain was also a peaceful transition. Though it can be disputed, if this was a real overthrow, since Franco died of natural causes.
New contributor
2
I'd say that it was more of a collapse than an overthrow. The regime was not strong enough to survive Franco's demise and some high ranking officials did not fight (or even promoted) the change of regime.
â Zalomon
3 hours ago
Supposedly the high ranking officers wanted to stay in power, but the (newly crowned) king pushed for a transition to a constitutional monarchy.
â Erik
3 hours ago
He did support the move to a constitutional monarchy, but you could say he was a high ranking officer of the regime. He was in fact the designated successor and was supported by other high ranking offices as Manuel Fraga and Adolfo Suárez.
â Zalomon
3 hours ago
add a comment |Â
up vote
0
down vote
Technically the end of the Franco-Regime in Spain was also a peaceful transition. Though it can be disputed, if this was a real overthrow, since Franco died of natural causes.
New contributor
2
I'd say that it was more of a collapse than an overthrow. The regime was not strong enough to survive Franco's demise and some high ranking officials did not fight (or even promoted) the change of regime.
â Zalomon
3 hours ago
Supposedly the high ranking officers wanted to stay in power, but the (newly crowned) king pushed for a transition to a constitutional monarchy.
â Erik
3 hours ago
He did support the move to a constitutional monarchy, but you could say he was a high ranking officer of the regime. He was in fact the designated successor and was supported by other high ranking offices as Manuel Fraga and Adolfo Suárez.
â Zalomon
3 hours ago
add a comment |Â
up vote
0
down vote
up vote
0
down vote
Technically the end of the Franco-Regime in Spain was also a peaceful transition. Though it can be disputed, if this was a real overthrow, since Franco died of natural causes.
New contributor
Technically the end of the Franco-Regime in Spain was also a peaceful transition. Though it can be disputed, if this was a real overthrow, since Franco died of natural causes.
New contributor
New contributor
answered 3 hours ago
Erik
1091
1091
New contributor
New contributor
2
I'd say that it was more of a collapse than an overthrow. The regime was not strong enough to survive Franco's demise and some high ranking officials did not fight (or even promoted) the change of regime.
â Zalomon
3 hours ago
Supposedly the high ranking officers wanted to stay in power, but the (newly crowned) king pushed for a transition to a constitutional monarchy.
â Erik
3 hours ago
He did support the move to a constitutional monarchy, but you could say he was a high ranking officer of the regime. He was in fact the designated successor and was supported by other high ranking offices as Manuel Fraga and Adolfo Suárez.
â Zalomon
3 hours ago
add a comment |Â
2
I'd say that it was more of a collapse than an overthrow. The regime was not strong enough to survive Franco's demise and some high ranking officials did not fight (or even promoted) the change of regime.
â Zalomon
3 hours ago
Supposedly the high ranking officers wanted to stay in power, but the (newly crowned) king pushed for a transition to a constitutional monarchy.
â Erik
3 hours ago
He did support the move to a constitutional monarchy, but you could say he was a high ranking officer of the regime. He was in fact the designated successor and was supported by other high ranking offices as Manuel Fraga and Adolfo Suárez.
â Zalomon
3 hours ago
2
2
I'd say that it was more of a collapse than an overthrow. The regime was not strong enough to survive Franco's demise and some high ranking officials did not fight (or even promoted) the change of regime.
â Zalomon
3 hours ago
I'd say that it was more of a collapse than an overthrow. The regime was not strong enough to survive Franco's demise and some high ranking officials did not fight (or even promoted) the change of regime.
â Zalomon
3 hours ago
Supposedly the high ranking officers wanted to stay in power, but the (newly crowned) king pushed for a transition to a constitutional monarchy.
â Erik
3 hours ago
Supposedly the high ranking officers wanted to stay in power, but the (newly crowned) king pushed for a transition to a constitutional monarchy.
â Erik
3 hours ago
He did support the move to a constitutional monarchy, but you could say he was a high ranking officer of the regime. He was in fact the designated successor and was supported by other high ranking offices as Manuel Fraga and Adolfo Suárez.
â Zalomon
3 hours ago
He did support the move to a constitutional monarchy, but you could say he was a high ranking officer of the regime. He was in fact the designated successor and was supported by other high ranking offices as Manuel Fraga and Adolfo Suárez.
â Zalomon
3 hours ago
add a comment |Â
pErs0nZ is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
pErs0nZ is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
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