List of realistic extremum problems

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I am a student who would like to become a teacher, so I am currently following courses in education. One of the things I learned, is that students like authentic, realistic problems. However, much of the extremum problems (in one variable) appear very 'fabricated'. I only know a few 'realistic extremum problems':



  1. minimizing some cost function

  2. maximizing some return function

  3. maximizing the volume of a box.

A realistic example of the third problem can be found here, where the volume of a box is maximized. This box is the kind of box you receive a package in: it is closed, with overlapping flaps.



With respect to multivariable functions, I can think of one extra example: determining a regression line.



However, this list seems rather short. Can anyone give extra examples of real-life situations where we wish to maximize/minimize some sort of function?
(For my class, single variable functions are the most interesting, but I equally like multivariable examples.)










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  • Could you summarize the "realistic box problem" that you link to? That link requires Java in the browser, which many people (including myself) disable for security reasons.
    – Rory Daulton
    6 hours ago










  • @RoryDaulton: Here is that problem: "A sheet of cardboard is rectangular, 14 inches long and 8.5 inches wide. If six congruent cuts (denoted in black) are to be made into the cardboard and five folds (denoted by dotted lines) made to adjoin the cuts so that the resulting piece of cardboard is to be folded to form a closeable rectangular box (see figures below). How should this be done to get a box of largest possible volume?"
    – Joseph O'Rourke
    6 hours ago










  • @JosephO'Rourke: Thanks! Is there any way to show the figures with the cuts and folds and final box?
    – Rory Daulton
    5 hours ago










  • 1 covers a lot of ground: number of shale wells in a section, number of salespeople, hours to keep a store open, etc.
    – guest
    3 hours ago














up vote
3
down vote

favorite












I am a student who would like to become a teacher, so I am currently following courses in education. One of the things I learned, is that students like authentic, realistic problems. However, much of the extremum problems (in one variable) appear very 'fabricated'. I only know a few 'realistic extremum problems':



  1. minimizing some cost function

  2. maximizing some return function

  3. maximizing the volume of a box.

A realistic example of the third problem can be found here, where the volume of a box is maximized. This box is the kind of box you receive a package in: it is closed, with overlapping flaps.



With respect to multivariable functions, I can think of one extra example: determining a regression line.



However, this list seems rather short. Can anyone give extra examples of real-life situations where we wish to maximize/minimize some sort of function?
(For my class, single variable functions are the most interesting, but I equally like multivariable examples.)










share|improve this question









New contributor




Student is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.



















  • Could you summarize the "realistic box problem" that you link to? That link requires Java in the browser, which many people (including myself) disable for security reasons.
    – Rory Daulton
    6 hours ago










  • @RoryDaulton: Here is that problem: "A sheet of cardboard is rectangular, 14 inches long and 8.5 inches wide. If six congruent cuts (denoted in black) are to be made into the cardboard and five folds (denoted by dotted lines) made to adjoin the cuts so that the resulting piece of cardboard is to be folded to form a closeable rectangular box (see figures below). How should this be done to get a box of largest possible volume?"
    – Joseph O'Rourke
    6 hours ago










  • @JosephO'Rourke: Thanks! Is there any way to show the figures with the cuts and folds and final box?
    – Rory Daulton
    5 hours ago










  • 1 covers a lot of ground: number of shale wells in a section, number of salespeople, hours to keep a store open, etc.
    – guest
    3 hours ago












up vote
3
down vote

favorite









up vote
3
down vote

favorite











I am a student who would like to become a teacher, so I am currently following courses in education. One of the things I learned, is that students like authentic, realistic problems. However, much of the extremum problems (in one variable) appear very 'fabricated'. I only know a few 'realistic extremum problems':



  1. minimizing some cost function

  2. maximizing some return function

  3. maximizing the volume of a box.

A realistic example of the third problem can be found here, where the volume of a box is maximized. This box is the kind of box you receive a package in: it is closed, with overlapping flaps.



With respect to multivariable functions, I can think of one extra example: determining a regression line.



However, this list seems rather short. Can anyone give extra examples of real-life situations where we wish to maximize/minimize some sort of function?
(For my class, single variable functions are the most interesting, but I equally like multivariable examples.)










share|improve this question









New contributor




Student is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.











I am a student who would like to become a teacher, so I am currently following courses in education. One of the things I learned, is that students like authentic, realistic problems. However, much of the extremum problems (in one variable) appear very 'fabricated'. I only know a few 'realistic extremum problems':



  1. minimizing some cost function

  2. maximizing some return function

  3. maximizing the volume of a box.

A realistic example of the third problem can be found here, where the volume of a box is maximized. This box is the kind of box you receive a package in: it is closed, with overlapping flaps.



With respect to multivariable functions, I can think of one extra example: determining a regression line.



However, this list seems rather short. Can anyone give extra examples of real-life situations where we wish to maximize/minimize some sort of function?
(For my class, single variable functions are the most interesting, but I equally like multivariable examples.)







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Student is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
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edited 12 hours ago









Jasper

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  • Could you summarize the "realistic box problem" that you link to? That link requires Java in the browser, which many people (including myself) disable for security reasons.
    – Rory Daulton
    6 hours ago










  • @RoryDaulton: Here is that problem: "A sheet of cardboard is rectangular, 14 inches long and 8.5 inches wide. If six congruent cuts (denoted in black) are to be made into the cardboard and five folds (denoted by dotted lines) made to adjoin the cuts so that the resulting piece of cardboard is to be folded to form a closeable rectangular box (see figures below). How should this be done to get a box of largest possible volume?"
    – Joseph O'Rourke
    6 hours ago










  • @JosephO'Rourke: Thanks! Is there any way to show the figures with the cuts and folds and final box?
    – Rory Daulton
    5 hours ago










  • 1 covers a lot of ground: number of shale wells in a section, number of salespeople, hours to keep a store open, etc.
    – guest
    3 hours ago
















  • Could you summarize the "realistic box problem" that you link to? That link requires Java in the browser, which many people (including myself) disable for security reasons.
    – Rory Daulton
    6 hours ago










  • @RoryDaulton: Here is that problem: "A sheet of cardboard is rectangular, 14 inches long and 8.5 inches wide. If six congruent cuts (denoted in black) are to be made into the cardboard and five folds (denoted by dotted lines) made to adjoin the cuts so that the resulting piece of cardboard is to be folded to form a closeable rectangular box (see figures below). How should this be done to get a box of largest possible volume?"
    – Joseph O'Rourke
    6 hours ago










  • @JosephO'Rourke: Thanks! Is there any way to show the figures with the cuts and folds and final box?
    – Rory Daulton
    5 hours ago










  • 1 covers a lot of ground: number of shale wells in a section, number of salespeople, hours to keep a store open, etc.
    – guest
    3 hours ago















Could you summarize the "realistic box problem" that you link to? That link requires Java in the browser, which many people (including myself) disable for security reasons.
– Rory Daulton
6 hours ago




Could you summarize the "realistic box problem" that you link to? That link requires Java in the browser, which many people (including myself) disable for security reasons.
– Rory Daulton
6 hours ago












@RoryDaulton: Here is that problem: "A sheet of cardboard is rectangular, 14 inches long and 8.5 inches wide. If six congruent cuts (denoted in black) are to be made into the cardboard and five folds (denoted by dotted lines) made to adjoin the cuts so that the resulting piece of cardboard is to be folded to form a closeable rectangular box (see figures below). How should this be done to get a box of largest possible volume?"
– Joseph O'Rourke
6 hours ago




@RoryDaulton: Here is that problem: "A sheet of cardboard is rectangular, 14 inches long and 8.5 inches wide. If six congruent cuts (denoted in black) are to be made into the cardboard and five folds (denoted by dotted lines) made to adjoin the cuts so that the resulting piece of cardboard is to be folded to form a closeable rectangular box (see figures below). How should this be done to get a box of largest possible volume?"
– Joseph O'Rourke
6 hours ago












@JosephO'Rourke: Thanks! Is there any way to show the figures with the cuts and folds and final box?
– Rory Daulton
5 hours ago




@JosephO'Rourke: Thanks! Is there any way to show the figures with the cuts and folds and final box?
– Rory Daulton
5 hours ago












1 covers a lot of ground: number of shale wells in a section, number of salespeople, hours to keep a store open, etc.
– guest
3 hours ago




1 covers a lot of ground: number of shale wells in a section, number of salespeople, hours to keep a store open, etc.
– guest
3 hours ago










3 Answers
3






active

oldest

votes

















up vote
4
down vote













Here are some optimization problems that were harder than a simple homework problem:



  • Given the pavillion angle of a diamond, what crown angle produces optimal light return?


  • What percentage of the lignin should be removed from wood, if one wishes to squeeze the wood into a cheap structure similar to carbon fiber with an optimum strength-to-weight ratio?


  • When choosing the parameters for a map projection, which parameters produce the least worst-case distortion of the needed area of the map? For example, which two latitudes should have undistorted lengths in an Albers Equal-Area map of the 48 conterminous United States?


Notice that in these examples, more effort went into designing the functions to be optimized, and in choosing the parameter to be varied, than went into performing the calculus.






share|improve this answer






















  • Perhaps one could invent a two-variable function $g(x,y)$ of math-effort $x$ vs. optimization set-up effort $y$ then analyze $g$ subject the to the set of all word problems. If this set was compact then we could optimize $g$. Perhaps the choice of $g$ ought to depend on the course of major study for the student ?
    – James S. Cook
    1 hour ago

















up vote
4
down vote













Some example types:



  1. Minimizing potential energy of any realistic physical system. Examples:

    • 0D: The point where a rolling ball/flowing water might* come to rest (*might not, if momentum carries it past the low point).

    • 1D: The curve described by a hanging chain/flexible rope (in equilibrium).

    • 2D: The surface of a soap film (in equilibrium).

    • Generally, anything that doesn't move or change: look at the world and wonder. [For instance, how hard do you have to push or jump to move your classroom building out of its potential well?)


  2. Maximizing a utility function subject to a budget constraint.

  3. Fermat's principle: Light takes the path of least time.

  4. Machine learning: minimize the loss function of a particular learning task. (It and the subfield, data mining, are hot fields right now.)

  5. In a network of resistors connecting voltage $V_A$ to voltage $V_B$, the voltages at the nodes of the network minimize power dissipation.

  6. Space trajectories that minimize fuel use (Mission Design).

  7. When using the central difference formula $[f(x+h)-f(x-h)]/(2h)$ to approximate the derivative $f'(x)$ using floating-point numbers with a machine epsilon of $epsilon$,
    what choice of $h$ minimizes the relative error of the approximation? [Note: This is a somewhat ill-defined problem, since the formula is exact (no truncation error, only round-off error) if $f$ is a polynomial of degree at most $2$. One could pick $f$ a certain function and value of $x$; even so, the exact solution is hard to obtain.]





share|improve this answer





























    up vote
    3
    down vote













    There are many volume-of-a-box questions. I like this one, simpler than
    what the OP cites:




    Given a rectangle,
    cut out squares from the corners so you can fold it up to a box, without a top,
    of maximal volume.




    The rectangle might be specialized to a square, as below.
    See also The Math Forum.






             
    BoxVol

             

    (Image from patrickJMT YouTube video.)



    In response to @RoryDaulton, here is the box problem to which the
    OP @Student points:
    BoxFlaps




    share|improve this answer






















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      3 Answers
      3






      active

      oldest

      votes








      3 Answers
      3






      active

      oldest

      votes









      active

      oldest

      votes






      active

      oldest

      votes








      up vote
      4
      down vote













      Here are some optimization problems that were harder than a simple homework problem:



      • Given the pavillion angle of a diamond, what crown angle produces optimal light return?


      • What percentage of the lignin should be removed from wood, if one wishes to squeeze the wood into a cheap structure similar to carbon fiber with an optimum strength-to-weight ratio?


      • When choosing the parameters for a map projection, which parameters produce the least worst-case distortion of the needed area of the map? For example, which two latitudes should have undistorted lengths in an Albers Equal-Area map of the 48 conterminous United States?


      Notice that in these examples, more effort went into designing the functions to be optimized, and in choosing the parameter to be varied, than went into performing the calculus.






      share|improve this answer






















      • Perhaps one could invent a two-variable function $g(x,y)$ of math-effort $x$ vs. optimization set-up effort $y$ then analyze $g$ subject the to the set of all word problems. If this set was compact then we could optimize $g$. Perhaps the choice of $g$ ought to depend on the course of major study for the student ?
        – James S. Cook
        1 hour ago














      up vote
      4
      down vote













      Here are some optimization problems that were harder than a simple homework problem:



      • Given the pavillion angle of a diamond, what crown angle produces optimal light return?


      • What percentage of the lignin should be removed from wood, if one wishes to squeeze the wood into a cheap structure similar to carbon fiber with an optimum strength-to-weight ratio?


      • When choosing the parameters for a map projection, which parameters produce the least worst-case distortion of the needed area of the map? For example, which two latitudes should have undistorted lengths in an Albers Equal-Area map of the 48 conterminous United States?


      Notice that in these examples, more effort went into designing the functions to be optimized, and in choosing the parameter to be varied, than went into performing the calculus.






      share|improve this answer






















      • Perhaps one could invent a two-variable function $g(x,y)$ of math-effort $x$ vs. optimization set-up effort $y$ then analyze $g$ subject the to the set of all word problems. If this set was compact then we could optimize $g$. Perhaps the choice of $g$ ought to depend on the course of major study for the student ?
        – James S. Cook
        1 hour ago












      up vote
      4
      down vote










      up vote
      4
      down vote









      Here are some optimization problems that were harder than a simple homework problem:



      • Given the pavillion angle of a diamond, what crown angle produces optimal light return?


      • What percentage of the lignin should be removed from wood, if one wishes to squeeze the wood into a cheap structure similar to carbon fiber with an optimum strength-to-weight ratio?


      • When choosing the parameters for a map projection, which parameters produce the least worst-case distortion of the needed area of the map? For example, which two latitudes should have undistorted lengths in an Albers Equal-Area map of the 48 conterminous United States?


      Notice that in these examples, more effort went into designing the functions to be optimized, and in choosing the parameter to be varied, than went into performing the calculus.






      share|improve this answer














      Here are some optimization problems that were harder than a simple homework problem:



      • Given the pavillion angle of a diamond, what crown angle produces optimal light return?


      • What percentage of the lignin should be removed from wood, if one wishes to squeeze the wood into a cheap structure similar to carbon fiber with an optimum strength-to-weight ratio?


      • When choosing the parameters for a map projection, which parameters produce the least worst-case distortion of the needed area of the map? For example, which two latitudes should have undistorted lengths in an Albers Equal-Area map of the 48 conterminous United States?


      Notice that in these examples, more effort went into designing the functions to be optimized, and in choosing the parameter to be varied, than went into performing the calculus.







      share|improve this answer














      share|improve this answer



      share|improve this answer








      edited 12 hours ago

























      answered 12 hours ago









      Jasper

      2,402716




      2,402716











      • Perhaps one could invent a two-variable function $g(x,y)$ of math-effort $x$ vs. optimization set-up effort $y$ then analyze $g$ subject the to the set of all word problems. If this set was compact then we could optimize $g$. Perhaps the choice of $g$ ought to depend on the course of major study for the student ?
        – James S. Cook
        1 hour ago
















      • Perhaps one could invent a two-variable function $g(x,y)$ of math-effort $x$ vs. optimization set-up effort $y$ then analyze $g$ subject the to the set of all word problems. If this set was compact then we could optimize $g$. Perhaps the choice of $g$ ought to depend on the course of major study for the student ?
        – James S. Cook
        1 hour ago















      Perhaps one could invent a two-variable function $g(x,y)$ of math-effort $x$ vs. optimization set-up effort $y$ then analyze $g$ subject the to the set of all word problems. If this set was compact then we could optimize $g$. Perhaps the choice of $g$ ought to depend on the course of major study for the student ?
      – James S. Cook
      1 hour ago




      Perhaps one could invent a two-variable function $g(x,y)$ of math-effort $x$ vs. optimization set-up effort $y$ then analyze $g$ subject the to the set of all word problems. If this set was compact then we could optimize $g$. Perhaps the choice of $g$ ought to depend on the course of major study for the student ?
      – James S. Cook
      1 hour ago










      up vote
      4
      down vote













      Some example types:



      1. Minimizing potential energy of any realistic physical system. Examples:

        • 0D: The point where a rolling ball/flowing water might* come to rest (*might not, if momentum carries it past the low point).

        • 1D: The curve described by a hanging chain/flexible rope (in equilibrium).

        • 2D: The surface of a soap film (in equilibrium).

        • Generally, anything that doesn't move or change: look at the world and wonder. [For instance, how hard do you have to push or jump to move your classroom building out of its potential well?)


      2. Maximizing a utility function subject to a budget constraint.

      3. Fermat's principle: Light takes the path of least time.

      4. Machine learning: minimize the loss function of a particular learning task. (It and the subfield, data mining, are hot fields right now.)

      5. In a network of resistors connecting voltage $V_A$ to voltage $V_B$, the voltages at the nodes of the network minimize power dissipation.

      6. Space trajectories that minimize fuel use (Mission Design).

      7. When using the central difference formula $[f(x+h)-f(x-h)]/(2h)$ to approximate the derivative $f'(x)$ using floating-point numbers with a machine epsilon of $epsilon$,
        what choice of $h$ minimizes the relative error of the approximation? [Note: This is a somewhat ill-defined problem, since the formula is exact (no truncation error, only round-off error) if $f$ is a polynomial of degree at most $2$. One could pick $f$ a certain function and value of $x$; even so, the exact solution is hard to obtain.]





      share|improve this answer


























        up vote
        4
        down vote













        Some example types:



        1. Minimizing potential energy of any realistic physical system. Examples:

          • 0D: The point where a rolling ball/flowing water might* come to rest (*might not, if momentum carries it past the low point).

          • 1D: The curve described by a hanging chain/flexible rope (in equilibrium).

          • 2D: The surface of a soap film (in equilibrium).

          • Generally, anything that doesn't move or change: look at the world and wonder. [For instance, how hard do you have to push or jump to move your classroom building out of its potential well?)


        2. Maximizing a utility function subject to a budget constraint.

        3. Fermat's principle: Light takes the path of least time.

        4. Machine learning: minimize the loss function of a particular learning task. (It and the subfield, data mining, are hot fields right now.)

        5. In a network of resistors connecting voltage $V_A$ to voltage $V_B$, the voltages at the nodes of the network minimize power dissipation.

        6. Space trajectories that minimize fuel use (Mission Design).

        7. When using the central difference formula $[f(x+h)-f(x-h)]/(2h)$ to approximate the derivative $f'(x)$ using floating-point numbers with a machine epsilon of $epsilon$,
          what choice of $h$ minimizes the relative error of the approximation? [Note: This is a somewhat ill-defined problem, since the formula is exact (no truncation error, only round-off error) if $f$ is a polynomial of degree at most $2$. One could pick $f$ a certain function and value of $x$; even so, the exact solution is hard to obtain.]





        share|improve this answer
























          up vote
          4
          down vote










          up vote
          4
          down vote









          Some example types:



          1. Minimizing potential energy of any realistic physical system. Examples:

            • 0D: The point where a rolling ball/flowing water might* come to rest (*might not, if momentum carries it past the low point).

            • 1D: The curve described by a hanging chain/flexible rope (in equilibrium).

            • 2D: The surface of a soap film (in equilibrium).

            • Generally, anything that doesn't move or change: look at the world and wonder. [For instance, how hard do you have to push or jump to move your classroom building out of its potential well?)


          2. Maximizing a utility function subject to a budget constraint.

          3. Fermat's principle: Light takes the path of least time.

          4. Machine learning: minimize the loss function of a particular learning task. (It and the subfield, data mining, are hot fields right now.)

          5. In a network of resistors connecting voltage $V_A$ to voltage $V_B$, the voltages at the nodes of the network minimize power dissipation.

          6. Space trajectories that minimize fuel use (Mission Design).

          7. When using the central difference formula $[f(x+h)-f(x-h)]/(2h)$ to approximate the derivative $f'(x)$ using floating-point numbers with a machine epsilon of $epsilon$,
            what choice of $h$ minimizes the relative error of the approximation? [Note: This is a somewhat ill-defined problem, since the formula is exact (no truncation error, only round-off error) if $f$ is a polynomial of degree at most $2$. One could pick $f$ a certain function and value of $x$; even so, the exact solution is hard to obtain.]





          share|improve this answer














          Some example types:



          1. Minimizing potential energy of any realistic physical system. Examples:

            • 0D: The point where a rolling ball/flowing water might* come to rest (*might not, if momentum carries it past the low point).

            • 1D: The curve described by a hanging chain/flexible rope (in equilibrium).

            • 2D: The surface of a soap film (in equilibrium).

            • Generally, anything that doesn't move or change: look at the world and wonder. [For instance, how hard do you have to push or jump to move your classroom building out of its potential well?)


          2. Maximizing a utility function subject to a budget constraint.

          3. Fermat's principle: Light takes the path of least time.

          4. Machine learning: minimize the loss function of a particular learning task. (It and the subfield, data mining, are hot fields right now.)

          5. In a network of resistors connecting voltage $V_A$ to voltage $V_B$, the voltages at the nodes of the network minimize power dissipation.

          6. Space trajectories that minimize fuel use (Mission Design).

          7. When using the central difference formula $[f(x+h)-f(x-h)]/(2h)$ to approximate the derivative $f'(x)$ using floating-point numbers with a machine epsilon of $epsilon$,
            what choice of $h$ minimizes the relative error of the approximation? [Note: This is a somewhat ill-defined problem, since the formula is exact (no truncation error, only round-off error) if $f$ is a polynomial of degree at most $2$. One could pick $f$ a certain function and value of $x$; even so, the exact solution is hard to obtain.]






          share|improve this answer














          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer








          edited 32 mins ago

























          answered 2 hours ago









          user683

          2,9421024




          2,9421024




















              up vote
              3
              down vote













              There are many volume-of-a-box questions. I like this one, simpler than
              what the OP cites:




              Given a rectangle,
              cut out squares from the corners so you can fold it up to a box, without a top,
              of maximal volume.




              The rectangle might be specialized to a square, as below.
              See also The Math Forum.






                       
              BoxVol

                       

              (Image from patrickJMT YouTube video.)



              In response to @RoryDaulton, here is the box problem to which the
              OP @Student points:
              BoxFlaps




              share|improve this answer


























                up vote
                3
                down vote













                There are many volume-of-a-box questions. I like this one, simpler than
                what the OP cites:




                Given a rectangle,
                cut out squares from the corners so you can fold it up to a box, without a top,
                of maximal volume.




                The rectangle might be specialized to a square, as below.
                See also The Math Forum.






                         
                BoxVol

                         

                (Image from patrickJMT YouTube video.)



                In response to @RoryDaulton, here is the box problem to which the
                OP @Student points:
                BoxFlaps




                share|improve this answer
























                  up vote
                  3
                  down vote










                  up vote
                  3
                  down vote









                  There are many volume-of-a-box questions. I like this one, simpler than
                  what the OP cites:




                  Given a rectangle,
                  cut out squares from the corners so you can fold it up to a box, without a top,
                  of maximal volume.




                  The rectangle might be specialized to a square, as below.
                  See also The Math Forum.






                           
                  BoxVol

                           

                  (Image from patrickJMT YouTube video.)



                  In response to @RoryDaulton, here is the box problem to which the
                  OP @Student points:
                  BoxFlaps




                  share|improve this answer














                  There are many volume-of-a-box questions. I like this one, simpler than
                  what the OP cites:




                  Given a rectangle,
                  cut out squares from the corners so you can fold it up to a box, without a top,
                  of maximal volume.




                  The rectangle might be specialized to a square, as below.
                  See also The Math Forum.






                           
                  BoxVol

                           

                  (Image from patrickJMT YouTube video.)



                  In response to @RoryDaulton, here is the box problem to which the
                  OP @Student points:
                  BoxFlaps





                  share|improve this answer














                  share|improve this answer



                  share|improve this answer








                  edited 4 hours ago

























                  answered 18 hours ago









                  Joseph O'Rourke

                  14.5k33278




                  14.5k33278




















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