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What are the defective verbs? [closed]
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Apart from modals what defective verbs exist? For example beware and begone.
defective-verbs
asked Aug 18 at 23:36
Tom B
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closed as unclear what you're asking by Jason Bassford, JonMark Perry, jimm101, J. Taylor, choster Aug 20 at 15:39
Please clarify your specific problem or add additional details to highlight exactly what you need. As it's currently written, it’s hard to tell exactly what you're asking. See the How to Ask page for help clarifying this question. If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
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Apart from modals what defective verbs exist? For example beware and begone.
defective-verbs
asked Aug 18 at 23:36
Tom B
396210
closed as unclear what you're asking by Jason Bassford, JonMark Perry, jimm101, J. Taylor, choster Aug 20 at 15:39
Please clarify your specific problem or add additional details to highlight exactly what you need. As it's currently written, it’s hard to tell exactly what you're asking. See the How to Ask page for help clarifying this question. If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
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up vote
1
down vote
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up vote
1
down vote
favorite
Apart from modals what defective verbs exist? For example beware and begone.
defective-verbs
asked Aug 18 at 23:36
Tom B
396210
Apart from modals what defective verbs exist? For example beware and begone.
defective-verbs
asked Aug 18 at 23:36
Tom B
396210
asked Aug 18 at 23:36
Tom B
396210
asked Aug 18 at 23:36
Tom B
396210
asked Aug 18 at 23:36
Tom B
396210
396210
closed as unclear what you're asking by Jason Bassford, JonMark Perry, jimm101, J. Taylor, choster Aug 20 at 15:39
Please clarify your specific problem or add additional details to highlight exactly what you need. As it's currently written, it’s hard to tell exactly what you're asking. See the How to Ask page for help clarifying this question. If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
closed as unclear what you're asking by Jason Bassford, JonMark Perry, jimm101, J. Taylor, choster Aug 20 at 15:39
Please clarify your specific problem or add additional details to highlight exactly what you need. As it's currently written, it’s hard to tell exactly what you're asking. See the How to Ask page for help clarifying this question. If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
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1 Answer
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There aren't many defective verbs in English, but it's difficult to say exactly how many there are because some words might or might not be defective, depending on how willing you are to accept weird-sounding forms.
For example, various linguists seem to have noted that for many English speakers, nothing sounds natural as the past participle of the verb stride. ("I had stridden/strode/strid?") See this Language Log post: "When you stride away, what is it that you've done?", October 20, 2008, by Geoffrey K. Pullum, and this article: "Transderivational relations and paradigm gaps in Russian verbs", by Katya Pertsova.
Pullum notes that the lack of an acceptable past participle form for stride feels more accidental than the lack of non-finite forms for modals, so even if they can both be described as "defective verbs", the reason stride lacks a past-participle form might be different from the reason modals lack a past-participle form.
"A corpus study of some rare English verbs", by Laurie Bauer, mentions a few other possible candidates (as well as discussing some verbs that are definitely not defective, but that show variability in their conjugation). The ones that I found most convincing as possible defective verbs are repute and rumo(u)r, which most often occur in passive-looking constructions in the forms reputed and rumo(u)red (although I'm not sure how clearly we can establish that these are verb forms and not adjectives; see the question Is "rumored" a verb or an adjective (a participle adjective)?). However, it seems that at least a few speakers do find it acceptable to use rumor or repute as an active-voice verb.
edited Aug 19 at 5:03
V2Blast
11916
answered Aug 19 at 2:22
sumelic
42.3k6102199
"I strode away"? Sounds fine to me.
– Mitch
Aug 19 at 2:25
1
@Mitch That’s not perfect: asking what it is that you have done requires an answer of “I’ve Xâ€Â, for values of X uncomfortable to many of us, Strider perhaps excepted.
– tchrist♦
Aug 19 at 2:26
For me, there's no acceptable past participle for wake. *I have woken/woke/waked at 5am every day this week. Waken, awake, and awaken forms don't mean the same thing, so I can't use them.
– John Lawler
Aug 19 at 3:16
There’s also quoth (only used in the first and third person simple past) and a few more in that vein, which my tired brain cannot recall. I’m surprised that stridden is unnatural to so many; it’s perfectly natural to me. @John How does awake differ from wake in your example? “I [a]wake at 5 AM every day†means precisely the same thing with both verbs to me (and is, in both cases, a big fat lie; it’s nearly six now, and I’m still not even in bed). “I have awoken at 5 AM every day this week†is what I would say, but I’d say “I awake at 5 AM†as well (or ‘wake up’ / ‘have woken up’).
– Janus Bahs Jacquet
Aug 19 at 3:49
@JohnLawler, I was raised hearing my mom say, "I've woken up before my alarm every day this week." She was particularly persnickety about language, fwiw. Not saying that means it's the only or the correct answer: just one that rings true for me.
– Verbiwhore
Aug 19 at 3:56
 |Â
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1 Answer
1
active
oldest
votes
1 Answer
1
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
up vote
4
down vote
There aren't many defective verbs in English, but it's difficult to say exactly how many there are because some words might or might not be defective, depending on how willing you are to accept weird-sounding forms.
For example, various linguists seem to have noted that for many English speakers, nothing sounds natural as the past participle of the verb stride. ("I had stridden/strode/strid?") See this Language Log post: "When you stride away, what is it that you've done?", October 20, 2008, by Geoffrey K. Pullum, and this article: "Transderivational relations and paradigm gaps in Russian verbs", by Katya Pertsova.
Pullum notes that the lack of an acceptable past participle form for stride feels more accidental than the lack of non-finite forms for modals, so even if they can both be described as "defective verbs", the reason stride lacks a past-participle form might be different from the reason modals lack a past-participle form.
"A corpus study of some rare English verbs", by Laurie Bauer, mentions a few other possible candidates (as well as discussing some verbs that are definitely not defective, but that show variability in their conjugation). The ones that I found most convincing as possible defective verbs are repute and rumo(u)r, which most often occur in passive-looking constructions in the forms reputed and rumo(u)red (although I'm not sure how clearly we can establish that these are verb forms and not adjectives; see the question Is "rumored" a verb or an adjective (a participle adjective)?). However, it seems that at least a few speakers do find it acceptable to use rumor or repute as an active-voice verb.
edited Aug 19 at 5:03
V2Blast
11916
answered Aug 19 at 2:22
sumelic
42.3k6102199
"I strode away"? Sounds fine to me.
– Mitch
Aug 19 at 2:25
1
@Mitch That’s not perfect: asking what it is that you have done requires an answer of “I’ve Xâ€Â, for values of X uncomfortable to many of us, Strider perhaps excepted.
– tchrist♦
Aug 19 at 2:26
For me, there's no acceptable past participle for wake. *I have woken/woke/waked at 5am every day this week. Waken, awake, and awaken forms don't mean the same thing, so I can't use them.
– John Lawler
Aug 19 at 3:16
There’s also quoth (only used in the first and third person simple past) and a few more in that vein, which my tired brain cannot recall. I’m surprised that stridden is unnatural to so many; it’s perfectly natural to me. @John How does awake differ from wake in your example? “I [a]wake at 5 AM every day†means precisely the same thing with both verbs to me (and is, in both cases, a big fat lie; it’s nearly six now, and I’m still not even in bed). “I have awoken at 5 AM every day this week†is what I would say, but I’d say “I awake at 5 AM†as well (or ‘wake up’ / ‘have woken up’).
– Janus Bahs Jacquet
Aug 19 at 3:49
@JohnLawler, I was raised hearing my mom say, "I've woken up before my alarm every day this week." She was particularly persnickety about language, fwiw. Not saying that means it's the only or the correct answer: just one that rings true for me.
– Verbiwhore
Aug 19 at 3:56
 |Â
show 1 more comment
up vote
4
down vote
There aren't many defective verbs in English, but it's difficult to say exactly how many there are because some words might or might not be defective, depending on how willing you are to accept weird-sounding forms.
For example, various linguists seem to have noted that for many English speakers, nothing sounds natural as the past participle of the verb stride. ("I had stridden/strode/strid?") See this Language Log post: "When you stride away, what is it that you've done?", October 20, 2008, by Geoffrey K. Pullum, and this article: "Transderivational relations and paradigm gaps in Russian verbs", by Katya Pertsova.
Pullum notes that the lack of an acceptable past participle form for stride feels more accidental than the lack of non-finite forms for modals, so even if they can both be described as "defective verbs", the reason stride lacks a past-participle form might be different from the reason modals lack a past-participle form.
"A corpus study of some rare English verbs", by Laurie Bauer, mentions a few other possible candidates (as well as discussing some verbs that are definitely not defective, but that show variability in their conjugation). The ones that I found most convincing as possible defective verbs are repute and rumo(u)r, which most often occur in passive-looking constructions in the forms reputed and rumo(u)red (although I'm not sure how clearly we can establish that these are verb forms and not adjectives; see the question Is "rumored" a verb or an adjective (a participle adjective)?). However, it seems that at least a few speakers do find it acceptable to use rumor or repute as an active-voice verb.
edited Aug 19 at 5:03
V2Blast
11916
answered Aug 19 at 2:22
sumelic
42.3k6102199
"I strode away"? Sounds fine to me.
– Mitch
Aug 19 at 2:25
1
@Mitch That’s not perfect: asking what it is that you have done requires an answer of “I’ve Xâ€Â, for values of X uncomfortable to many of us, Strider perhaps excepted.
– tchrist♦
Aug 19 at 2:26
For me, there's no acceptable past participle for wake. *I have woken/woke/waked at 5am every day this week. Waken, awake, and awaken forms don't mean the same thing, so I can't use them.
– John Lawler
Aug 19 at 3:16
There’s also quoth (only used in the first and third person simple past) and a few more in that vein, which my tired brain cannot recall. I’m surprised that stridden is unnatural to so many; it’s perfectly natural to me. @John How does awake differ from wake in your example? “I [a]wake at 5 AM every day†means precisely the same thing with both verbs to me (and is, in both cases, a big fat lie; it’s nearly six now, and I’m still not even in bed). “I have awoken at 5 AM every day this week†is what I would say, but I’d say “I awake at 5 AM†as well (or ‘wake up’ / ‘have woken up’).
– Janus Bahs Jacquet
Aug 19 at 3:49
@JohnLawler, I was raised hearing my mom say, "I've woken up before my alarm every day this week." She was particularly persnickety about language, fwiw. Not saying that means it's the only or the correct answer: just one that rings true for me.
– Verbiwhore
Aug 19 at 3:56
 |Â
show 1 more comment
up vote
4
down vote
up vote
4
down vote
There aren't many defective verbs in English, but it's difficult to say exactly how many there are because some words might or might not be defective, depending on how willing you are to accept weird-sounding forms.
For example, various linguists seem to have noted that for many English speakers, nothing sounds natural as the past participle of the verb stride. ("I had stridden/strode/strid?") See this Language Log post: "When you stride away, what is it that you've done?", October 20, 2008, by Geoffrey K. Pullum, and this article: "Transderivational relations and paradigm gaps in Russian verbs", by Katya Pertsova.
Pullum notes that the lack of an acceptable past participle form for stride feels more accidental than the lack of non-finite forms for modals, so even if they can both be described as "defective verbs", the reason stride lacks a past-participle form might be different from the reason modals lack a past-participle form.
"A corpus study of some rare English verbs", by Laurie Bauer, mentions a few other possible candidates (as well as discussing some verbs that are definitely not defective, but that show variability in their conjugation). The ones that I found most convincing as possible defective verbs are repute and rumo(u)r, which most often occur in passive-looking constructions in the forms reputed and rumo(u)red (although I'm not sure how clearly we can establish that these are verb forms and not adjectives; see the question Is "rumored" a verb or an adjective (a participle adjective)?). However, it seems that at least a few speakers do find it acceptable to use rumor or repute as an active-voice verb.
edited Aug 19 at 5:03
V2Blast
11916
answered Aug 19 at 2:22
sumelic
42.3k6102199
There aren't many defective verbs in English, but it's difficult to say exactly how many there are because some words might or might not be defective, depending on how willing you are to accept weird-sounding forms.
For example, various linguists seem to have noted that for many English speakers, nothing sounds natural as the past participle of the verb stride. ("I had stridden/strode/strid?") See this Language Log post: "When you stride away, what is it that you've done?", October 20, 2008, by Geoffrey K. Pullum, and this article: "Transderivational relations and paradigm gaps in Russian verbs", by Katya Pertsova.
Pullum notes that the lack of an acceptable past participle form for stride feels more accidental than the lack of non-finite forms for modals, so even if they can both be described as "defective verbs", the reason stride lacks a past-participle form might be different from the reason modals lack a past-participle form.
"A corpus study of some rare English verbs", by Laurie Bauer, mentions a few other possible candidates (as well as discussing some verbs that are definitely not defective, but that show variability in their conjugation). The ones that I found most convincing as possible defective verbs are repute and rumo(u)r, which most often occur in passive-looking constructions in the forms reputed and rumo(u)red (although I'm not sure how clearly we can establish that these are verb forms and not adjectives; see the question Is "rumored" a verb or an adjective (a participle adjective)?). However, it seems that at least a few speakers do find it acceptable to use rumor or repute as an active-voice verb.
edited Aug 19 at 5:03
V2Blast
11916
answered Aug 19 at 2:22
sumelic
42.3k6102199
edited Aug 19 at 5:03
V2Blast
11916
edited Aug 19 at 5:03
V2Blast
11916
edited Aug 19 at 5:03
V2Blast
11916
11916
answered Aug 19 at 2:22
sumelic
42.3k6102199
answered Aug 19 at 2:22
sumelic
42.3k6102199
answered Aug 19 at 2:22
sumelic
42.3k6102199
42.3k6102199
"I strode away"? Sounds fine to me.
– Mitch
Aug 19 at 2:25
1
@Mitch That’s not perfect: asking what it is that you have done requires an answer of “I’ve Xâ€Â, for values of X uncomfortable to many of us, Strider perhaps excepted.
– tchrist♦
Aug 19 at 2:26
For me, there's no acceptable past participle for wake. *I have woken/woke/waked at 5am every day this week. Waken, awake, and awaken forms don't mean the same thing, so I can't use them.
– John Lawler
Aug 19 at 3:16
There’s also quoth (only used in the first and third person simple past) and a few more in that vein, which my tired brain cannot recall. I’m surprised that stridden is unnatural to so many; it’s perfectly natural to me. @John How does awake differ from wake in your example? “I [a]wake at 5 AM every day†means precisely the same thing with both verbs to me (and is, in both cases, a big fat lie; it’s nearly six now, and I’m still not even in bed). “I have awoken at 5 AM every day this week†is what I would say, but I’d say “I awake at 5 AM†as well (or ‘wake up’ / ‘have woken up’).
– Janus Bahs Jacquet
Aug 19 at 3:49
@JohnLawler, I was raised hearing my mom say, "I've woken up before my alarm every day this week." She was particularly persnickety about language, fwiw. Not saying that means it's the only or the correct answer: just one that rings true for me.
– Verbiwhore
Aug 19 at 3:56
 |Â
show 1 more comment
"I strode away"? Sounds fine to me.
– Mitch
Aug 19 at 2:25
1
@Mitch That’s not perfect: asking what it is that you have done requires an answer of “I’ve Xâ€Â, for values of X uncomfortable to many of us, Strider perhaps excepted.
– tchrist♦
Aug 19 at 2:26
For me, there's no acceptable past participle for wake. *I have woken/woke/waked at 5am every day this week. Waken, awake, and awaken forms don't mean the same thing, so I can't use them.
– John Lawler
Aug 19 at 3:16
There’s also quoth (only used in the first and third person simple past) and a few more in that vein, which my tired brain cannot recall. I’m surprised that stridden is unnatural to so many; it’s perfectly natural to me. @John How does awake differ from wake in your example? “I [a]wake at 5 AM every day†means precisely the same thing with both verbs to me (and is, in both cases, a big fat lie; it’s nearly six now, and I’m still not even in bed). “I have awoken at 5 AM every day this week†is what I would say, but I’d say “I awake at 5 AM†as well (or ‘wake up’ / ‘have woken up’).
– Janus Bahs Jacquet
Aug 19 at 3:49
@JohnLawler, I was raised hearing my mom say, "I've woken up before my alarm every day this week." She was particularly persnickety about language, fwiw. Not saying that means it's the only or the correct answer: just one that rings true for me.
– Verbiwhore
Aug 19 at 3:56
"I strode away"? Sounds fine to me.
– Mitch
Aug 19 at 2:25
"I strode away"? Sounds fine to me.
– Mitch
Aug 19 at 2:25
1
1
@Mitch That’s not perfect: asking what it is that you have done requires an answer of “I’ve Xâ€Â, for values of X uncomfortable to many of us, Strider perhaps excepted.
– tchrist♦
Aug 19 at 2:26
@Mitch That’s not perfect: asking what it is that you have done requires an answer of “I’ve Xâ€Â, for values of X uncomfortable to many of us, Strider perhaps excepted.
– tchrist♦
Aug 19 at 2:26
For me, there's no acceptable past participle for wake. *I have woken/woke/waked at 5am every day this week. Waken, awake, and awaken forms don't mean the same thing, so I can't use them.
– John Lawler
Aug 19 at 3:16
For me, there's no acceptable past participle for wake. *I have woken/woke/waked at 5am every day this week. Waken, awake, and awaken forms don't mean the same thing, so I can't use them.
– John Lawler
Aug 19 at 3:16
There’s also quoth (only used in the first and third person simple past) and a few more in that vein, which my tired brain cannot recall. I’m surprised that stridden is unnatural to so many; it’s perfectly natural to me. @John How does awake differ from wake in your example? “I [a]wake at 5 AM every day†means precisely the same thing with both verbs to me (and is, in both cases, a big fat lie; it’s nearly six now, and I’m still not even in bed). “I have awoken at 5 AM every day this week†is what I would say, but I’d say “I awake at 5 AM†as well (or ‘wake up’ / ‘have woken up’).
– Janus Bahs Jacquet
Aug 19 at 3:49
There’s also quoth (only used in the first and third person simple past) and a few more in that vein, which my tired brain cannot recall. I’m surprised that stridden is unnatural to so many; it’s perfectly natural to me. @John How does awake differ from wake in your example? “I [a]wake at 5 AM every day†means precisely the same thing with both verbs to me (and is, in both cases, a big fat lie; it’s nearly six now, and I’m still not even in bed). “I have awoken at 5 AM every day this week†is what I would say, but I’d say “I awake at 5 AM†as well (or ‘wake up’ / ‘have woken up’).
– Janus Bahs Jacquet
Aug 19 at 3:49
@JohnLawler, I was raised hearing my mom say, "I've woken up before my alarm every day this week." She was particularly persnickety about language, fwiw. Not saying that means it's the only or the correct answer: just one that rings true for me.
– Verbiwhore
Aug 19 at 3:56
@JohnLawler, I was raised hearing my mom say, "I've woken up before my alarm every day this week." She was particularly persnickety about language, fwiw. Not saying that means it's the only or the correct answer: just one that rings true for me.
– Verbiwhore
Aug 19 at 3:56
 |Â
show 1 more comment
