How can a signal itself have a high impedance?
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Observation: Recently I worked with a piezoelectric sensor and read that the sensor itself has a high impedance. Because of this, an op amp of high impedance was required to amplify the signal.
Question: How is it possible for a signal to have high impedance? How can the signal itself have resistance / reactance (I understand there will be very low amounts of resistance in the wire that the signal travels across.) Shouldnt the signals resistance / reactance be determined by which circuit is connected to?
Disclaimer:
My background is in computer science and my knowledge of electronics is pocket sized. Sorry in advance if this question is based of misconceptions on my part.
sensor impedance piezoelectricity
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up vote
5
down vote
favorite
Observation: Recently I worked with a piezoelectric sensor and read that the sensor itself has a high impedance. Because of this, an op amp of high impedance was required to amplify the signal.
Question: How is it possible for a signal to have high impedance? How can the signal itself have resistance / reactance (I understand there will be very low amounts of resistance in the wire that the signal travels across.) Shouldnt the signals resistance / reactance be determined by which circuit is connected to?
Disclaimer:
My background is in computer science and my knowledge of electronics is pocket sized. Sorry in advance if this question is based of misconceptions on my part.
sensor impedance piezoelectricity
3
You are correct that signals don't have an inherent impedance, but signal sources have impedance. You have stated a fully correct sentence in "observation" (the sensor itself has a high impedance), I can't see the bridge from that to "question" (signal to have high impedance?).
â Vicente Cunha
Aug 9 at 20:33
@VicenteCunha I think my misconception is that i think the sensor and the signal are the same. Hence the bridge from "Observation" to "Question".
â J Maklen
Aug 9 at 20:35
2
@JMaklen Sensors are physical, real objects. Signals are abstract concepts.
â Shamtam
Aug 9 at 20:37
add a comment |Â
up vote
5
down vote
favorite
up vote
5
down vote
favorite
Observation: Recently I worked with a piezoelectric sensor and read that the sensor itself has a high impedance. Because of this, an op amp of high impedance was required to amplify the signal.
Question: How is it possible for a signal to have high impedance? How can the signal itself have resistance / reactance (I understand there will be very low amounts of resistance in the wire that the signal travels across.) Shouldnt the signals resistance / reactance be determined by which circuit is connected to?
Disclaimer:
My background is in computer science and my knowledge of electronics is pocket sized. Sorry in advance if this question is based of misconceptions on my part.
sensor impedance piezoelectricity
Observation: Recently I worked with a piezoelectric sensor and read that the sensor itself has a high impedance. Because of this, an op amp of high impedance was required to amplify the signal.
Question: How is it possible for a signal to have high impedance? How can the signal itself have resistance / reactance (I understand there will be very low amounts of resistance in the wire that the signal travels across.) Shouldnt the signals resistance / reactance be determined by which circuit is connected to?
Disclaimer:
My background is in computer science and my knowledge of electronics is pocket sized. Sorry in advance if this question is based of misconceptions on my part.
sensor impedance piezoelectricity
asked Aug 9 at 20:27
J Maklen
304
304
3
You are correct that signals don't have an inherent impedance, but signal sources have impedance. You have stated a fully correct sentence in "observation" (the sensor itself has a high impedance), I can't see the bridge from that to "question" (signal to have high impedance?).
â Vicente Cunha
Aug 9 at 20:33
@VicenteCunha I think my misconception is that i think the sensor and the signal are the same. Hence the bridge from "Observation" to "Question".
â J Maklen
Aug 9 at 20:35
2
@JMaklen Sensors are physical, real objects. Signals are abstract concepts.
â Shamtam
Aug 9 at 20:37
add a comment |Â
3
You are correct that signals don't have an inherent impedance, but signal sources have impedance. You have stated a fully correct sentence in "observation" (the sensor itself has a high impedance), I can't see the bridge from that to "question" (signal to have high impedance?).
â Vicente Cunha
Aug 9 at 20:33
@VicenteCunha I think my misconception is that i think the sensor and the signal are the same. Hence the bridge from "Observation" to "Question".
â J Maklen
Aug 9 at 20:35
2
@JMaklen Sensors are physical, real objects. Signals are abstract concepts.
â Shamtam
Aug 9 at 20:37
3
3
You are correct that signals don't have an inherent impedance, but signal sources have impedance. You have stated a fully correct sentence in "observation" (the sensor itself has a high impedance), I can't see the bridge from that to "question" (signal to have high impedance?).
â Vicente Cunha
Aug 9 at 20:33
You are correct that signals don't have an inherent impedance, but signal sources have impedance. You have stated a fully correct sentence in "observation" (the sensor itself has a high impedance), I can't see the bridge from that to "question" (signal to have high impedance?).
â Vicente Cunha
Aug 9 at 20:33
@VicenteCunha I think my misconception is that i think the sensor and the signal are the same. Hence the bridge from "Observation" to "Question".
â J Maklen
Aug 9 at 20:35
@VicenteCunha I think my misconception is that i think the sensor and the signal are the same. Hence the bridge from "Observation" to "Question".
â J Maklen
Aug 9 at 20:35
2
2
@JMaklen Sensors are physical, real objects. Signals are abstract concepts.
â Shamtam
Aug 9 at 20:37
@JMaklen Sensors are physical, real objects. Signals are abstract concepts.
â Shamtam
Aug 9 at 20:37
add a comment |Â
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
up vote
2
down vote
accepted
In electronics a high impedance signal would refer to a signal from a high impedance source (and low power).
I've only observed this expression applied to low voltage applications. It would not be applied to a high voltage source which is generally also high impedance.
In your observations you indicate that the source has a high impedance and that it is therefore required that the load also has high impedance - so you're not talking about a high impedance signal!
Officially a signal does not have an impedance, but we can come very close to it when the signal is in a transmission line. At that time it must have the transmission line's impedance. That is: the voltage to current ratio in the transmission line is determined by the transmission line - nothing else. Reflections at the terminals of the transmission line balance it out.
The wires with low amounts of resistance are in fact the transmission lines where I would technically accept to talk about the impedance of a signal, but that would not be what somebody means by the impedance of a signal.
A. Can a signal have high impedance?
Think of high impedance signal as a signal coming from a source with a high internal impedance and a very small power level. Avoid using it as an expression as it is technically incorrect.
B. Is the signals resistance/reactance determined by the circuit it is connected to?
When refering to the signal source impedance, that impedance is "by definition" determined by the source, not by the circuit it is connected to. The circuit it is connected to will contribute to the resulting current flow(s) and voltages.
In my opininion it is more correct to state that the signal impedance is determined by the transmission line through which it flows, not by the circuit it is connected to. But that is not the "conventional meaning" of "signal impedance" in engineering conversations. It would only be understood as such in in-depth exchanges where such definitions would be avoided.
C. Extra info
When a signal source is high impedance with low power, it is best to amplify the power with a circuit that has a matching load. The load should be the "complement" of the source. If the source would be 1 MOhm (purely resistive), then the amplifying circuit ideally has an input impedance of 1MOhm to transfer as much power as possible. Other factors come into play. In most cases though, the input impedance will be chosen to be higher than 10 MOhm as a lot of engineers will choose to build a voltage amplifier rather than a power amplifier.
Thank you so much for the in depth answer. You state "It would not be applied to a high voltage source which is generally also high impedance." Why would you not characterize a signal source of high voltage as high impedance?
â J Maklen
Aug 10 at 16:43
When making a "shortcut" by saying "high impedance signal", this is clearly to say that this "low voltage" signal is from a high impedance source. If the signal were high voltage, the dominating characteristic is the high voltage and that is what would be hightlighted in the "shortcut". In electronics, high impedance is implied by high voltage - otherwise it would require a lot of power. (Power plants and lines being another field of application).
â le_top
Aug 10 at 21:22
add a comment |Â
up vote
7
down vote
How is it possible for a signal to have high impedance? How can the signal itself have resistance
You are technically correct that the signal itself doesn't have an impedance but the source does.
In the case of a piezoelectric sensor the transducer is pretty much a pair of capacitor plates attached to the piezo element which is an extremely good insulator and so has a very high resistance / impedance.
Shouldnt the signals resistance / reactance be determined by which circuit is connected to?
You are on the right track. The signal level measured between the two devices will depend on the combination of the source impedance and the load impedance. The combination will form a potential divider. Too low a load impedance will reduce the signal level (and degrade the signal to noise ratio) and may cause distortion if the source is overloaded.
What do you mean by "if the source is overloaded". Do you mean if the source is connected to a circuit of low impedance?
â J Maklen
Aug 9 at 20:48
1
Yes, that is correct.
â Transistor
Aug 9 at 21:00
The source driving it may be lower impedance but the detector amplifying the response needs to be higher impedance.
â Tony EE rocketscientist
Aug 9 at 22:09
add a comment |Â
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
up vote
2
down vote
accepted
In electronics a high impedance signal would refer to a signal from a high impedance source (and low power).
I've only observed this expression applied to low voltage applications. It would not be applied to a high voltage source which is generally also high impedance.
In your observations you indicate that the source has a high impedance and that it is therefore required that the load also has high impedance - so you're not talking about a high impedance signal!
Officially a signal does not have an impedance, but we can come very close to it when the signal is in a transmission line. At that time it must have the transmission line's impedance. That is: the voltage to current ratio in the transmission line is determined by the transmission line - nothing else. Reflections at the terminals of the transmission line balance it out.
The wires with low amounts of resistance are in fact the transmission lines where I would technically accept to talk about the impedance of a signal, but that would not be what somebody means by the impedance of a signal.
A. Can a signal have high impedance?
Think of high impedance signal as a signal coming from a source with a high internal impedance and a very small power level. Avoid using it as an expression as it is technically incorrect.
B. Is the signals resistance/reactance determined by the circuit it is connected to?
When refering to the signal source impedance, that impedance is "by definition" determined by the source, not by the circuit it is connected to. The circuit it is connected to will contribute to the resulting current flow(s) and voltages.
In my opininion it is more correct to state that the signal impedance is determined by the transmission line through which it flows, not by the circuit it is connected to. But that is not the "conventional meaning" of "signal impedance" in engineering conversations. It would only be understood as such in in-depth exchanges where such definitions would be avoided.
C. Extra info
When a signal source is high impedance with low power, it is best to amplify the power with a circuit that has a matching load. The load should be the "complement" of the source. If the source would be 1 MOhm (purely resistive), then the amplifying circuit ideally has an input impedance of 1MOhm to transfer as much power as possible. Other factors come into play. In most cases though, the input impedance will be chosen to be higher than 10 MOhm as a lot of engineers will choose to build a voltage amplifier rather than a power amplifier.
Thank you so much for the in depth answer. You state "It would not be applied to a high voltage source which is generally also high impedance." Why would you not characterize a signal source of high voltage as high impedance?
â J Maklen
Aug 10 at 16:43
When making a "shortcut" by saying "high impedance signal", this is clearly to say that this "low voltage" signal is from a high impedance source. If the signal were high voltage, the dominating characteristic is the high voltage and that is what would be hightlighted in the "shortcut". In electronics, high impedance is implied by high voltage - otherwise it would require a lot of power. (Power plants and lines being another field of application).
â le_top
Aug 10 at 21:22
add a comment |Â
up vote
2
down vote
accepted
In electronics a high impedance signal would refer to a signal from a high impedance source (and low power).
I've only observed this expression applied to low voltage applications. It would not be applied to a high voltage source which is generally also high impedance.
In your observations you indicate that the source has a high impedance and that it is therefore required that the load also has high impedance - so you're not talking about a high impedance signal!
Officially a signal does not have an impedance, but we can come very close to it when the signal is in a transmission line. At that time it must have the transmission line's impedance. That is: the voltage to current ratio in the transmission line is determined by the transmission line - nothing else. Reflections at the terminals of the transmission line balance it out.
The wires with low amounts of resistance are in fact the transmission lines where I would technically accept to talk about the impedance of a signal, but that would not be what somebody means by the impedance of a signal.
A. Can a signal have high impedance?
Think of high impedance signal as a signal coming from a source with a high internal impedance and a very small power level. Avoid using it as an expression as it is technically incorrect.
B. Is the signals resistance/reactance determined by the circuit it is connected to?
When refering to the signal source impedance, that impedance is "by definition" determined by the source, not by the circuit it is connected to. The circuit it is connected to will contribute to the resulting current flow(s) and voltages.
In my opininion it is more correct to state that the signal impedance is determined by the transmission line through which it flows, not by the circuit it is connected to. But that is not the "conventional meaning" of "signal impedance" in engineering conversations. It would only be understood as such in in-depth exchanges where such definitions would be avoided.
C. Extra info
When a signal source is high impedance with low power, it is best to amplify the power with a circuit that has a matching load. The load should be the "complement" of the source. If the source would be 1 MOhm (purely resistive), then the amplifying circuit ideally has an input impedance of 1MOhm to transfer as much power as possible. Other factors come into play. In most cases though, the input impedance will be chosen to be higher than 10 MOhm as a lot of engineers will choose to build a voltage amplifier rather than a power amplifier.
Thank you so much for the in depth answer. You state "It would not be applied to a high voltage source which is generally also high impedance." Why would you not characterize a signal source of high voltage as high impedance?
â J Maklen
Aug 10 at 16:43
When making a "shortcut" by saying "high impedance signal", this is clearly to say that this "low voltage" signal is from a high impedance source. If the signal were high voltage, the dominating characteristic is the high voltage and that is what would be hightlighted in the "shortcut". In electronics, high impedance is implied by high voltage - otherwise it would require a lot of power. (Power plants and lines being another field of application).
â le_top
Aug 10 at 21:22
add a comment |Â
up vote
2
down vote
accepted
up vote
2
down vote
accepted
In electronics a high impedance signal would refer to a signal from a high impedance source (and low power).
I've only observed this expression applied to low voltage applications. It would not be applied to a high voltage source which is generally also high impedance.
In your observations you indicate that the source has a high impedance and that it is therefore required that the load also has high impedance - so you're not talking about a high impedance signal!
Officially a signal does not have an impedance, but we can come very close to it when the signal is in a transmission line. At that time it must have the transmission line's impedance. That is: the voltage to current ratio in the transmission line is determined by the transmission line - nothing else. Reflections at the terminals of the transmission line balance it out.
The wires with low amounts of resistance are in fact the transmission lines where I would technically accept to talk about the impedance of a signal, but that would not be what somebody means by the impedance of a signal.
A. Can a signal have high impedance?
Think of high impedance signal as a signal coming from a source with a high internal impedance and a very small power level. Avoid using it as an expression as it is technically incorrect.
B. Is the signals resistance/reactance determined by the circuit it is connected to?
When refering to the signal source impedance, that impedance is "by definition" determined by the source, not by the circuit it is connected to. The circuit it is connected to will contribute to the resulting current flow(s) and voltages.
In my opininion it is more correct to state that the signal impedance is determined by the transmission line through which it flows, not by the circuit it is connected to. But that is not the "conventional meaning" of "signal impedance" in engineering conversations. It would only be understood as such in in-depth exchanges where such definitions would be avoided.
C. Extra info
When a signal source is high impedance with low power, it is best to amplify the power with a circuit that has a matching load. The load should be the "complement" of the source. If the source would be 1 MOhm (purely resistive), then the amplifying circuit ideally has an input impedance of 1MOhm to transfer as much power as possible. Other factors come into play. In most cases though, the input impedance will be chosen to be higher than 10 MOhm as a lot of engineers will choose to build a voltage amplifier rather than a power amplifier.
In electronics a high impedance signal would refer to a signal from a high impedance source (and low power).
I've only observed this expression applied to low voltage applications. It would not be applied to a high voltage source which is generally also high impedance.
In your observations you indicate that the source has a high impedance and that it is therefore required that the load also has high impedance - so you're not talking about a high impedance signal!
Officially a signal does not have an impedance, but we can come very close to it when the signal is in a transmission line. At that time it must have the transmission line's impedance. That is: the voltage to current ratio in the transmission line is determined by the transmission line - nothing else. Reflections at the terminals of the transmission line balance it out.
The wires with low amounts of resistance are in fact the transmission lines where I would technically accept to talk about the impedance of a signal, but that would not be what somebody means by the impedance of a signal.
A. Can a signal have high impedance?
Think of high impedance signal as a signal coming from a source with a high internal impedance and a very small power level. Avoid using it as an expression as it is technically incorrect.
B. Is the signals resistance/reactance determined by the circuit it is connected to?
When refering to the signal source impedance, that impedance is "by definition" determined by the source, not by the circuit it is connected to. The circuit it is connected to will contribute to the resulting current flow(s) and voltages.
In my opininion it is more correct to state that the signal impedance is determined by the transmission line through which it flows, not by the circuit it is connected to. But that is not the "conventional meaning" of "signal impedance" in engineering conversations. It would only be understood as such in in-depth exchanges where such definitions would be avoided.
C. Extra info
When a signal source is high impedance with low power, it is best to amplify the power with a circuit that has a matching load. The load should be the "complement" of the source. If the source would be 1 MOhm (purely resistive), then the amplifying circuit ideally has an input impedance of 1MOhm to transfer as much power as possible. Other factors come into play. In most cases though, the input impedance will be chosen to be higher than 10 MOhm as a lot of engineers will choose to build a voltage amplifier rather than a power amplifier.
answered Aug 9 at 23:59
le_top
902211
902211
Thank you so much for the in depth answer. You state "It would not be applied to a high voltage source which is generally also high impedance." Why would you not characterize a signal source of high voltage as high impedance?
â J Maklen
Aug 10 at 16:43
When making a "shortcut" by saying "high impedance signal", this is clearly to say that this "low voltage" signal is from a high impedance source. If the signal were high voltage, the dominating characteristic is the high voltage and that is what would be hightlighted in the "shortcut". In electronics, high impedance is implied by high voltage - otherwise it would require a lot of power. (Power plants and lines being another field of application).
â le_top
Aug 10 at 21:22
add a comment |Â
Thank you so much for the in depth answer. You state "It would not be applied to a high voltage source which is generally also high impedance." Why would you not characterize a signal source of high voltage as high impedance?
â J Maklen
Aug 10 at 16:43
When making a "shortcut" by saying "high impedance signal", this is clearly to say that this "low voltage" signal is from a high impedance source. If the signal were high voltage, the dominating characteristic is the high voltage and that is what would be hightlighted in the "shortcut". In electronics, high impedance is implied by high voltage - otherwise it would require a lot of power. (Power plants and lines being another field of application).
â le_top
Aug 10 at 21:22
Thank you so much for the in depth answer. You state "It would not be applied to a high voltage source which is generally also high impedance." Why would you not characterize a signal source of high voltage as high impedance?
â J Maklen
Aug 10 at 16:43
Thank you so much for the in depth answer. You state "It would not be applied to a high voltage source which is generally also high impedance." Why would you not characterize a signal source of high voltage as high impedance?
â J Maklen
Aug 10 at 16:43
When making a "shortcut" by saying "high impedance signal", this is clearly to say that this "low voltage" signal is from a high impedance source. If the signal were high voltage, the dominating characteristic is the high voltage and that is what would be hightlighted in the "shortcut". In electronics, high impedance is implied by high voltage - otherwise it would require a lot of power. (Power plants and lines being another field of application).
â le_top
Aug 10 at 21:22
When making a "shortcut" by saying "high impedance signal", this is clearly to say that this "low voltage" signal is from a high impedance source. If the signal were high voltage, the dominating characteristic is the high voltage and that is what would be hightlighted in the "shortcut". In electronics, high impedance is implied by high voltage - otherwise it would require a lot of power. (Power plants and lines being another field of application).
â le_top
Aug 10 at 21:22
add a comment |Â
up vote
7
down vote
How is it possible for a signal to have high impedance? How can the signal itself have resistance
You are technically correct that the signal itself doesn't have an impedance but the source does.
In the case of a piezoelectric sensor the transducer is pretty much a pair of capacitor plates attached to the piezo element which is an extremely good insulator and so has a very high resistance / impedance.
Shouldnt the signals resistance / reactance be determined by which circuit is connected to?
You are on the right track. The signal level measured between the two devices will depend on the combination of the source impedance and the load impedance. The combination will form a potential divider. Too low a load impedance will reduce the signal level (and degrade the signal to noise ratio) and may cause distortion if the source is overloaded.
What do you mean by "if the source is overloaded". Do you mean if the source is connected to a circuit of low impedance?
â J Maklen
Aug 9 at 20:48
1
Yes, that is correct.
â Transistor
Aug 9 at 21:00
The source driving it may be lower impedance but the detector amplifying the response needs to be higher impedance.
â Tony EE rocketscientist
Aug 9 at 22:09
add a comment |Â
up vote
7
down vote
How is it possible for a signal to have high impedance? How can the signal itself have resistance
You are technically correct that the signal itself doesn't have an impedance but the source does.
In the case of a piezoelectric sensor the transducer is pretty much a pair of capacitor plates attached to the piezo element which is an extremely good insulator and so has a very high resistance / impedance.
Shouldnt the signals resistance / reactance be determined by which circuit is connected to?
You are on the right track. The signal level measured between the two devices will depend on the combination of the source impedance and the load impedance. The combination will form a potential divider. Too low a load impedance will reduce the signal level (and degrade the signal to noise ratio) and may cause distortion if the source is overloaded.
What do you mean by "if the source is overloaded". Do you mean if the source is connected to a circuit of low impedance?
â J Maklen
Aug 9 at 20:48
1
Yes, that is correct.
â Transistor
Aug 9 at 21:00
The source driving it may be lower impedance but the detector amplifying the response needs to be higher impedance.
â Tony EE rocketscientist
Aug 9 at 22:09
add a comment |Â
up vote
7
down vote
up vote
7
down vote
How is it possible for a signal to have high impedance? How can the signal itself have resistance
You are technically correct that the signal itself doesn't have an impedance but the source does.
In the case of a piezoelectric sensor the transducer is pretty much a pair of capacitor plates attached to the piezo element which is an extremely good insulator and so has a very high resistance / impedance.
Shouldnt the signals resistance / reactance be determined by which circuit is connected to?
You are on the right track. The signal level measured between the two devices will depend on the combination of the source impedance and the load impedance. The combination will form a potential divider. Too low a load impedance will reduce the signal level (and degrade the signal to noise ratio) and may cause distortion if the source is overloaded.
How is it possible for a signal to have high impedance? How can the signal itself have resistance
You are technically correct that the signal itself doesn't have an impedance but the source does.
In the case of a piezoelectric sensor the transducer is pretty much a pair of capacitor plates attached to the piezo element which is an extremely good insulator and so has a very high resistance / impedance.
Shouldnt the signals resistance / reactance be determined by which circuit is connected to?
You are on the right track. The signal level measured between the two devices will depend on the combination of the source impedance and the load impedance. The combination will form a potential divider. Too low a load impedance will reduce the signal level (and degrade the signal to noise ratio) and may cause distortion if the source is overloaded.
edited Aug 10 at 6:09
Neil_UK
69k272152
69k272152
answered Aug 9 at 20:40
Transistor
71.6k568151
71.6k568151
What do you mean by "if the source is overloaded". Do you mean if the source is connected to a circuit of low impedance?
â J Maklen
Aug 9 at 20:48
1
Yes, that is correct.
â Transistor
Aug 9 at 21:00
The source driving it may be lower impedance but the detector amplifying the response needs to be higher impedance.
â Tony EE rocketscientist
Aug 9 at 22:09
add a comment |Â
What do you mean by "if the source is overloaded". Do you mean if the source is connected to a circuit of low impedance?
â J Maklen
Aug 9 at 20:48
1
Yes, that is correct.
â Transistor
Aug 9 at 21:00
The source driving it may be lower impedance but the detector amplifying the response needs to be higher impedance.
â Tony EE rocketscientist
Aug 9 at 22:09
What do you mean by "if the source is overloaded". Do you mean if the source is connected to a circuit of low impedance?
â J Maklen
Aug 9 at 20:48
What do you mean by "if the source is overloaded". Do you mean if the source is connected to a circuit of low impedance?
â J Maklen
Aug 9 at 20:48
1
1
Yes, that is correct.
â Transistor
Aug 9 at 21:00
Yes, that is correct.
â Transistor
Aug 9 at 21:00
The source driving it may be lower impedance but the detector amplifying the response needs to be higher impedance.
â Tony EE rocketscientist
Aug 9 at 22:09
The source driving it may be lower impedance but the detector amplifying the response needs to be higher impedance.
â Tony EE rocketscientist
Aug 9 at 22:09
add a comment |Â
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3
You are correct that signals don't have an inherent impedance, but signal sources have impedance. You have stated a fully correct sentence in "observation" (the sensor itself has a high impedance), I can't see the bridge from that to "question" (signal to have high impedance?).
â Vicente Cunha
Aug 9 at 20:33
@VicenteCunha I think my misconception is that i think the sensor and the signal are the same. Hence the bridge from "Observation" to "Question".
â J Maklen
Aug 9 at 20:35
2
@JMaklen Sensors are physical, real objects. Signals are abstract concepts.
â Shamtam
Aug 9 at 20:37