What is this curve?

The name of the pictureThe name of the pictureThe name of the pictureClash Royale CLAN TAG#URR8PPP











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Lines (same angle space between) radiating outward from a point and intersecting a line:



Intersection Point Density Distribution



This is the density distribution of the points on the line:



Plot line Graph



I used a Python script to calculate this. The angular interval is 0.01 degrees. X = tan(deg) rounded to the nearest tenth, so many points will have the same x. Y is the number of points for its X. You can see on the plot that ~5,700 points were between -0.05 and 0.05 on the line.



What is this graph curve called? What's the function equation?










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  • What are the numbers in your graph supposed to represent?
    – Aretino
    Sep 9 at 20:42










  • There are a few functions you could make look roughly like this, but I think its going to be of the form $amathrme^-bx^2$
    – aidangallagher4
    Sep 9 at 20:52






  • 5




    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_distribution
    – Aretino
    Sep 9 at 20:54






  • 1




    mathworld.wolfram.com/LorentzianFunction.html
    – Aretino
    Sep 9 at 20:58














up vote
16
down vote

favorite
2












Lines (same angle space between) radiating outward from a point and intersecting a line:



Intersection Point Density Distribution



This is the density distribution of the points on the line:



Plot line Graph



I used a Python script to calculate this. The angular interval is 0.01 degrees. X = tan(deg) rounded to the nearest tenth, so many points will have the same x. Y is the number of points for its X. You can see on the plot that ~5,700 points were between -0.05 and 0.05 on the line.



What is this graph curve called? What's the function equation?










share|cite|improve this question









New contributor




clickbait is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
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  • What are the numbers in your graph supposed to represent?
    – Aretino
    Sep 9 at 20:42










  • There are a few functions you could make look roughly like this, but I think its going to be of the form $amathrme^-bx^2$
    – aidangallagher4
    Sep 9 at 20:52






  • 5




    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_distribution
    – Aretino
    Sep 9 at 20:54






  • 1




    mathworld.wolfram.com/LorentzianFunction.html
    – Aretino
    Sep 9 at 20:58












up vote
16
down vote

favorite
2









up vote
16
down vote

favorite
2






2





Lines (same angle space between) radiating outward from a point and intersecting a line:



Intersection Point Density Distribution



This is the density distribution of the points on the line:



Plot line Graph



I used a Python script to calculate this. The angular interval is 0.01 degrees. X = tan(deg) rounded to the nearest tenth, so many points will have the same x. Y is the number of points for its X. You can see on the plot that ~5,700 points were between -0.05 and 0.05 on the line.



What is this graph curve called? What's the function equation?










share|cite|improve this question









New contributor




clickbait is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.











Lines (same angle space between) radiating outward from a point and intersecting a line:



Intersection Point Density Distribution



This is the density distribution of the points on the line:



Plot line Graph



I used a Python script to calculate this. The angular interval is 0.01 degrees. X = tan(deg) rounded to the nearest tenth, so many points will have the same x. Y is the number of points for its X. You can see on the plot that ~5,700 points were between -0.05 and 0.05 on the line.



What is this graph curve called? What's the function equation?







geometry graphing-functions






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clickbait is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
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share|cite|improve this question









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share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question








edited 2 days ago





















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asked Sep 9 at 20:36









clickbait

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  • What are the numbers in your graph supposed to represent?
    – Aretino
    Sep 9 at 20:42










  • There are a few functions you could make look roughly like this, but I think its going to be of the form $amathrme^-bx^2$
    – aidangallagher4
    Sep 9 at 20:52






  • 5




    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_distribution
    – Aretino
    Sep 9 at 20:54






  • 1




    mathworld.wolfram.com/LorentzianFunction.html
    – Aretino
    Sep 9 at 20:58
















  • What are the numbers in your graph supposed to represent?
    – Aretino
    Sep 9 at 20:42










  • There are a few functions you could make look roughly like this, but I think its going to be of the form $amathrme^-bx^2$
    – aidangallagher4
    Sep 9 at 20:52






  • 5




    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_distribution
    – Aretino
    Sep 9 at 20:54






  • 1




    mathworld.wolfram.com/LorentzianFunction.html
    – Aretino
    Sep 9 at 20:58















What are the numbers in your graph supposed to represent?
– Aretino
Sep 9 at 20:42




What are the numbers in your graph supposed to represent?
– Aretino
Sep 9 at 20:42












There are a few functions you could make look roughly like this, but I think its going to be of the form $amathrme^-bx^2$
– aidangallagher4
Sep 9 at 20:52




There are a few functions you could make look roughly like this, but I think its going to be of the form $amathrme^-bx^2$
– aidangallagher4
Sep 9 at 20:52




5




5




en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_distribution
– Aretino
Sep 9 at 20:54




en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_distribution
– Aretino
Sep 9 at 20:54




1




1




mathworld.wolfram.com/LorentzianFunction.html
– Aretino
Sep 9 at 20:58




mathworld.wolfram.com/LorentzianFunction.html
– Aretino
Sep 9 at 20:58










3 Answers
3






active

oldest

votes

















up vote
33
down vote



accepted










The curve is a density function. The idea is the following. From your first picture, assume that the angles of the rays are spaced evenly, the angle between two rays being $alpha$. I.e. the nth ray has angle $n cdot alpha$. The nth ray's intersection point $x$ with the line then follows $tan (n cdot alpha) = x/h$ where h is the distance of the line to the origin. So from 0 to $x$, n rays cross the line.



Now you are interested in the density $p(x)$, i.e. how many rays intersect the line at $x$, per line interval $Delta x$. In the limit of small $alpha$, you have $int_0^x p(x') dx' =c n = fraccalphaarctan (x/h)$ and correspondingly, $p(x) = fracddxfraccalphaarctan (x/h) = fracc halpha (x^2+h^2)$. The constant $c$ is determined since the integral over the density function must be $1$ (in probability sense), hence



$p(x)= frachpi (x^2+h^2)$.



This curve is called a Cauchy distribution.



Obviously, $p(x)$ can be multiplied with a constant $K$ to give an expectation value distribution $E(x) = K p(x)$ over $x$, instead of a probability distribution. This explains the large value of $E(0) = 5700$ or so in your picture. The value $h$ is also called a scale parameter, it specifies the half-width at half-maximum (HWHM) of the curve and can be roughly read off to be $1$. If we are really "counting rays", then with angle spacing $alpha$, in total $pi/alpha$ many rays intersect the line and hence we must have
$$
pi/alpha = int_-infty^inftyE(x) dx = int_-infty^inftyK p(x) dx = K
$$
So the expectation value distribution of the number of rays intersecting one unit of the line at position $x$ is
$$
E(x) = fracpialpha p(x)= frachalpha (x^2+h^2)
$$
as we already had with the constant $c=1$. Reading off approximately $E(0) = 5700$ and $h=1$ gives $
E(x) = frac5700x^2+1
$ and $alpha = 1/5700$ (in rads), or in other words, $pi/alpha simeq 17900$ rays (lower half plane) intersect the line.






share|cite|improve this answer





























    up vote
    6
    down vote













    It can be shown assuming that the quantity from the ray is proportional to the angular interval that the denisty distribuiton function is in the form



    $$y=fracdH+x^2$$



    where $d$ is related to the intensity and $H$ is the distance of the source point from the line.



    Here is the plot for the case $d=H=1$



    enter image description here






    share|cite|improve this answer



























      up vote
      1
      down vote













      This is also known, especially among we physicists as a Lorentz distribution.



      We know that every point on the line has the same vertical distance from the source point. Let's call this $l_0$. We also know the ratio of the horizontal component of the distance to the vertical component is $tan(theta)$, where theta goes from $-piover2$ to $piover2$ in the increments given. So horizontal distance=$x=l_0*tan(theta)$.



      To find the densities, first take the derivative of both sides, getting $dx=l_0*sec^2(theta)*dtheta$. From trig, we know $sec^2(theta)=1+tan^2(theta)$, and from above, we know that $tan(theta)$ is $xoverl_0$. So we can isolate $theta$ to get



      $$dx over l_0* left( 1+left(xoverl_0 right)^2 right) =dtheta$$



      We know theta is uniformly distributed, so we can divide both sides by $pi$. Now the probability of a given $theta$ falling between $theta$ and $theta+d theta$ is equal to the function of $x$ on the left.






      share|cite|improve this answer


















      • 3




        To clear up any possible confusion, the Lorentz distribution is an alternative name for the Cauchy distribution.
        – Ingolifs
        2 days ago










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      3 Answers
      3






      active

      oldest

      votes








      3 Answers
      3






      active

      oldest

      votes









      active

      oldest

      votes






      active

      oldest

      votes








      up vote
      33
      down vote



      accepted










      The curve is a density function. The idea is the following. From your first picture, assume that the angles of the rays are spaced evenly, the angle between two rays being $alpha$. I.e. the nth ray has angle $n cdot alpha$. The nth ray's intersection point $x$ with the line then follows $tan (n cdot alpha) = x/h$ where h is the distance of the line to the origin. So from 0 to $x$, n rays cross the line.



      Now you are interested in the density $p(x)$, i.e. how many rays intersect the line at $x$, per line interval $Delta x$. In the limit of small $alpha$, you have $int_0^x p(x') dx' =c n = fraccalphaarctan (x/h)$ and correspondingly, $p(x) = fracddxfraccalphaarctan (x/h) = fracc halpha (x^2+h^2)$. The constant $c$ is determined since the integral over the density function must be $1$ (in probability sense), hence



      $p(x)= frachpi (x^2+h^2)$.



      This curve is called a Cauchy distribution.



      Obviously, $p(x)$ can be multiplied with a constant $K$ to give an expectation value distribution $E(x) = K p(x)$ over $x$, instead of a probability distribution. This explains the large value of $E(0) = 5700$ or so in your picture. The value $h$ is also called a scale parameter, it specifies the half-width at half-maximum (HWHM) of the curve and can be roughly read off to be $1$. If we are really "counting rays", then with angle spacing $alpha$, in total $pi/alpha$ many rays intersect the line and hence we must have
      $$
      pi/alpha = int_-infty^inftyE(x) dx = int_-infty^inftyK p(x) dx = K
      $$
      So the expectation value distribution of the number of rays intersecting one unit of the line at position $x$ is
      $$
      E(x) = fracpialpha p(x)= frachalpha (x^2+h^2)
      $$
      as we already had with the constant $c=1$. Reading off approximately $E(0) = 5700$ and $h=1$ gives $
      E(x) = frac5700x^2+1
      $ and $alpha = 1/5700$ (in rads), or in other words, $pi/alpha simeq 17900$ rays (lower half plane) intersect the line.






      share|cite|improve this answer


























        up vote
        33
        down vote



        accepted










        The curve is a density function. The idea is the following. From your first picture, assume that the angles of the rays are spaced evenly, the angle between two rays being $alpha$. I.e. the nth ray has angle $n cdot alpha$. The nth ray's intersection point $x$ with the line then follows $tan (n cdot alpha) = x/h$ where h is the distance of the line to the origin. So from 0 to $x$, n rays cross the line.



        Now you are interested in the density $p(x)$, i.e. how many rays intersect the line at $x$, per line interval $Delta x$. In the limit of small $alpha$, you have $int_0^x p(x') dx' =c n = fraccalphaarctan (x/h)$ and correspondingly, $p(x) = fracddxfraccalphaarctan (x/h) = fracc halpha (x^2+h^2)$. The constant $c$ is determined since the integral over the density function must be $1$ (in probability sense), hence



        $p(x)= frachpi (x^2+h^2)$.



        This curve is called a Cauchy distribution.



        Obviously, $p(x)$ can be multiplied with a constant $K$ to give an expectation value distribution $E(x) = K p(x)$ over $x$, instead of a probability distribution. This explains the large value of $E(0) = 5700$ or so in your picture. The value $h$ is also called a scale parameter, it specifies the half-width at half-maximum (HWHM) of the curve and can be roughly read off to be $1$. If we are really "counting rays", then with angle spacing $alpha$, in total $pi/alpha$ many rays intersect the line and hence we must have
        $$
        pi/alpha = int_-infty^inftyE(x) dx = int_-infty^inftyK p(x) dx = K
        $$
        So the expectation value distribution of the number of rays intersecting one unit of the line at position $x$ is
        $$
        E(x) = fracpialpha p(x)= frachalpha (x^2+h^2)
        $$
        as we already had with the constant $c=1$. Reading off approximately $E(0) = 5700$ and $h=1$ gives $
        E(x) = frac5700x^2+1
        $ and $alpha = 1/5700$ (in rads), or in other words, $pi/alpha simeq 17900$ rays (lower half plane) intersect the line.






        share|cite|improve this answer
























          up vote
          33
          down vote



          accepted







          up vote
          33
          down vote



          accepted






          The curve is a density function. The idea is the following. From your first picture, assume that the angles of the rays are spaced evenly, the angle between two rays being $alpha$. I.e. the nth ray has angle $n cdot alpha$. The nth ray's intersection point $x$ with the line then follows $tan (n cdot alpha) = x/h$ where h is the distance of the line to the origin. So from 0 to $x$, n rays cross the line.



          Now you are interested in the density $p(x)$, i.e. how many rays intersect the line at $x$, per line interval $Delta x$. In the limit of small $alpha$, you have $int_0^x p(x') dx' =c n = fraccalphaarctan (x/h)$ and correspondingly, $p(x) = fracddxfraccalphaarctan (x/h) = fracc halpha (x^2+h^2)$. The constant $c$ is determined since the integral over the density function must be $1$ (in probability sense), hence



          $p(x)= frachpi (x^2+h^2)$.



          This curve is called a Cauchy distribution.



          Obviously, $p(x)$ can be multiplied with a constant $K$ to give an expectation value distribution $E(x) = K p(x)$ over $x$, instead of a probability distribution. This explains the large value of $E(0) = 5700$ or so in your picture. The value $h$ is also called a scale parameter, it specifies the half-width at half-maximum (HWHM) of the curve and can be roughly read off to be $1$. If we are really "counting rays", then with angle spacing $alpha$, in total $pi/alpha$ many rays intersect the line and hence we must have
          $$
          pi/alpha = int_-infty^inftyE(x) dx = int_-infty^inftyK p(x) dx = K
          $$
          So the expectation value distribution of the number of rays intersecting one unit of the line at position $x$ is
          $$
          E(x) = fracpialpha p(x)= frachalpha (x^2+h^2)
          $$
          as we already had with the constant $c=1$. Reading off approximately $E(0) = 5700$ and $h=1$ gives $
          E(x) = frac5700x^2+1
          $ and $alpha = 1/5700$ (in rads), or in other words, $pi/alpha simeq 17900$ rays (lower half plane) intersect the line.






          share|cite|improve this answer














          The curve is a density function. The idea is the following. From your first picture, assume that the angles of the rays are spaced evenly, the angle between two rays being $alpha$. I.e. the nth ray has angle $n cdot alpha$. The nth ray's intersection point $x$ with the line then follows $tan (n cdot alpha) = x/h$ where h is the distance of the line to the origin. So from 0 to $x$, n rays cross the line.



          Now you are interested in the density $p(x)$, i.e. how many rays intersect the line at $x$, per line interval $Delta x$. In the limit of small $alpha$, you have $int_0^x p(x') dx' =c n = fraccalphaarctan (x/h)$ and correspondingly, $p(x) = fracddxfraccalphaarctan (x/h) = fracc halpha (x^2+h^2)$. The constant $c$ is determined since the integral over the density function must be $1$ (in probability sense), hence



          $p(x)= frachpi (x^2+h^2)$.



          This curve is called a Cauchy distribution.



          Obviously, $p(x)$ can be multiplied with a constant $K$ to give an expectation value distribution $E(x) = K p(x)$ over $x$, instead of a probability distribution. This explains the large value of $E(0) = 5700$ or so in your picture. The value $h$ is also called a scale parameter, it specifies the half-width at half-maximum (HWHM) of the curve and can be roughly read off to be $1$. If we are really "counting rays", then with angle spacing $alpha$, in total $pi/alpha$ many rays intersect the line and hence we must have
          $$
          pi/alpha = int_-infty^inftyE(x) dx = int_-infty^inftyK p(x) dx = K
          $$
          So the expectation value distribution of the number of rays intersecting one unit of the line at position $x$ is
          $$
          E(x) = fracpialpha p(x)= frachalpha (x^2+h^2)
          $$
          as we already had with the constant $c=1$. Reading off approximately $E(0) = 5700$ and $h=1$ gives $
          E(x) = frac5700x^2+1
          $ and $alpha = 1/5700$ (in rads), or in other words, $pi/alpha simeq 17900$ rays (lower half plane) intersect the line.







          share|cite|improve this answer














          share|cite|improve this answer



          share|cite|improve this answer








          edited 2 days ago

























          answered Sep 9 at 21:17









          Andreas

          6,9051036




          6,9051036




















              up vote
              6
              down vote













              It can be shown assuming that the quantity from the ray is proportional to the angular interval that the denisty distribuiton function is in the form



              $$y=fracdH+x^2$$



              where $d$ is related to the intensity and $H$ is the distance of the source point from the line.



              Here is the plot for the case $d=H=1$



              enter image description here






              share|cite|improve this answer
























                up vote
                6
                down vote













                It can be shown assuming that the quantity from the ray is proportional to the angular interval that the denisty distribuiton function is in the form



                $$y=fracdH+x^2$$



                where $d$ is related to the intensity and $H$ is the distance of the source point from the line.



                Here is the plot for the case $d=H=1$



                enter image description here






                share|cite|improve this answer






















                  up vote
                  6
                  down vote










                  up vote
                  6
                  down vote









                  It can be shown assuming that the quantity from the ray is proportional to the angular interval that the denisty distribuiton function is in the form



                  $$y=fracdH+x^2$$



                  where $d$ is related to the intensity and $H$ is the distance of the source point from the line.



                  Here is the plot for the case $d=H=1$



                  enter image description here






                  share|cite|improve this answer












                  It can be shown assuming that the quantity from the ray is proportional to the angular interval that the denisty distribuiton function is in the form



                  $$y=fracdH+x^2$$



                  where $d$ is related to the intensity and $H$ is the distance of the source point from the line.



                  Here is the plot for the case $d=H=1$



                  enter image description here







                  share|cite|improve this answer












                  share|cite|improve this answer



                  share|cite|improve this answer










                  answered Sep 9 at 20:56









                  gimusi

                  71.4k73786




                  71.4k73786




















                      up vote
                      1
                      down vote













                      This is also known, especially among we physicists as a Lorentz distribution.



                      We know that every point on the line has the same vertical distance from the source point. Let's call this $l_0$. We also know the ratio of the horizontal component of the distance to the vertical component is $tan(theta)$, where theta goes from $-piover2$ to $piover2$ in the increments given. So horizontal distance=$x=l_0*tan(theta)$.



                      To find the densities, first take the derivative of both sides, getting $dx=l_0*sec^2(theta)*dtheta$. From trig, we know $sec^2(theta)=1+tan^2(theta)$, and from above, we know that $tan(theta)$ is $xoverl_0$. So we can isolate $theta$ to get



                      $$dx over l_0* left( 1+left(xoverl_0 right)^2 right) =dtheta$$



                      We know theta is uniformly distributed, so we can divide both sides by $pi$. Now the probability of a given $theta$ falling between $theta$ and $theta+d theta$ is equal to the function of $x$ on the left.






                      share|cite|improve this answer


















                      • 3




                        To clear up any possible confusion, the Lorentz distribution is an alternative name for the Cauchy distribution.
                        – Ingolifs
                        2 days ago














                      up vote
                      1
                      down vote













                      This is also known, especially among we physicists as a Lorentz distribution.



                      We know that every point on the line has the same vertical distance from the source point. Let's call this $l_0$. We also know the ratio of the horizontal component of the distance to the vertical component is $tan(theta)$, where theta goes from $-piover2$ to $piover2$ in the increments given. So horizontal distance=$x=l_0*tan(theta)$.



                      To find the densities, first take the derivative of both sides, getting $dx=l_0*sec^2(theta)*dtheta$. From trig, we know $sec^2(theta)=1+tan^2(theta)$, and from above, we know that $tan(theta)$ is $xoverl_0$. So we can isolate $theta$ to get



                      $$dx over l_0* left( 1+left(xoverl_0 right)^2 right) =dtheta$$



                      We know theta is uniformly distributed, so we can divide both sides by $pi$. Now the probability of a given $theta$ falling between $theta$ and $theta+d theta$ is equal to the function of $x$ on the left.






                      share|cite|improve this answer


















                      • 3




                        To clear up any possible confusion, the Lorentz distribution is an alternative name for the Cauchy distribution.
                        – Ingolifs
                        2 days ago












                      up vote
                      1
                      down vote










                      up vote
                      1
                      down vote









                      This is also known, especially among we physicists as a Lorentz distribution.



                      We know that every point on the line has the same vertical distance from the source point. Let's call this $l_0$. We also know the ratio of the horizontal component of the distance to the vertical component is $tan(theta)$, where theta goes from $-piover2$ to $piover2$ in the increments given. So horizontal distance=$x=l_0*tan(theta)$.



                      To find the densities, first take the derivative of both sides, getting $dx=l_0*sec^2(theta)*dtheta$. From trig, we know $sec^2(theta)=1+tan^2(theta)$, and from above, we know that $tan(theta)$ is $xoverl_0$. So we can isolate $theta$ to get



                      $$dx over l_0* left( 1+left(xoverl_0 right)^2 right) =dtheta$$



                      We know theta is uniformly distributed, so we can divide both sides by $pi$. Now the probability of a given $theta$ falling between $theta$ and $theta+d theta$ is equal to the function of $x$ on the left.






                      share|cite|improve this answer














                      This is also known, especially among we physicists as a Lorentz distribution.



                      We know that every point on the line has the same vertical distance from the source point. Let's call this $l_0$. We also know the ratio of the horizontal component of the distance to the vertical component is $tan(theta)$, where theta goes from $-piover2$ to $piover2$ in the increments given. So horizontal distance=$x=l_0*tan(theta)$.



                      To find the densities, first take the derivative of both sides, getting $dx=l_0*sec^2(theta)*dtheta$. From trig, we know $sec^2(theta)=1+tan^2(theta)$, and from above, we know that $tan(theta)$ is $xoverl_0$. So we can isolate $theta$ to get



                      $$dx over l_0* left( 1+left(xoverl_0 right)^2 right) =dtheta$$



                      We know theta is uniformly distributed, so we can divide both sides by $pi$. Now the probability of a given $theta$ falling between $theta$ and $theta+d theta$ is equal to the function of $x$ on the left.







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                      edited 2 days ago









                      FundThmCalculus

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                      answered 2 days ago









                      R. Romero

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                      • 3




                        To clear up any possible confusion, the Lorentz distribution is an alternative name for the Cauchy distribution.
                        – Ingolifs
                        2 days ago












                      • 3




                        To clear up any possible confusion, the Lorentz distribution is an alternative name for the Cauchy distribution.
                        – Ingolifs
                        2 days ago







                      3




                      3




                      To clear up any possible confusion, the Lorentz distribution is an alternative name for the Cauchy distribution.
                      – Ingolifs
                      2 days ago




                      To clear up any possible confusion, the Lorentz distribution is an alternative name for the Cauchy distribution.
                      – Ingolifs
                      2 days ago










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