Is it possible to send multiple data bits on a single wire at once?

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Is there an existing protocol or modulation method where multiple data bits are sent over a single wire at once or maybe an additional ground line (like serial communication)?



I know there are methods like PSK or FSK where phase or frequency of carrier is altered to represent different bits or states of signal, but those changes in phase or frequency are transmitted one after another i.e. serially and not at once.



Is there an existing communication or modulation method or protocol which can send multiple data bits at once and not one after another using the shifting done in PSK or FSK?










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  • 3




    Does good old frequency division multiplexing count? Like CATV?
    – filo
    2 days ago






  • 1




    Not quite similar, but this reminded me of an interesting math question about communication protocols.
    – Wildcard
    yesterday






  • 4




    You can have 16 voltage levels between -1V and 1V and that is basically 4 bits.
    – PlasmaHH
    yesterday










  • You can do that using any transmission based on symbols (like modem does with bauds)
    – Gianluca Conte
    15 hours ago
















up vote
11
down vote

favorite
5












Is there an existing protocol or modulation method where multiple data bits are sent over a single wire at once or maybe an additional ground line (like serial communication)?



I know there are methods like PSK or FSK where phase or frequency of carrier is altered to represent different bits or states of signal, but those changes in phase or frequency are transmitted one after another i.e. serially and not at once.



Is there an existing communication or modulation method or protocol which can send multiple data bits at once and not one after another using the shifting done in PSK or FSK?










share|improve this question









New contributor




CrownedEagle is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.















  • 3




    Does good old frequency division multiplexing count? Like CATV?
    – filo
    2 days ago






  • 1




    Not quite similar, but this reminded me of an interesting math question about communication protocols.
    – Wildcard
    yesterday






  • 4




    You can have 16 voltage levels between -1V and 1V and that is basically 4 bits.
    – PlasmaHH
    yesterday










  • You can do that using any transmission based on symbols (like modem does with bauds)
    – Gianluca Conte
    15 hours ago












up vote
11
down vote

favorite
5









up vote
11
down vote

favorite
5






5





Is there an existing protocol or modulation method where multiple data bits are sent over a single wire at once or maybe an additional ground line (like serial communication)?



I know there are methods like PSK or FSK where phase or frequency of carrier is altered to represent different bits or states of signal, but those changes in phase or frequency are transmitted one after another i.e. serially and not at once.



Is there an existing communication or modulation method or protocol which can send multiple data bits at once and not one after another using the shifting done in PSK or FSK?










share|improve this question









New contributor




CrownedEagle is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.











Is there an existing protocol or modulation method where multiple data bits are sent over a single wire at once or maybe an additional ground line (like serial communication)?



I know there are methods like PSK or FSK where phase or frequency of carrier is altered to represent different bits or states of signal, but those changes in phase or frequency are transmitted one after another i.e. serially and not at once.



Is there an existing communication or modulation method or protocol which can send multiple data bits at once and not one after another using the shifting done in PSK or FSK?







analog communication digital-communications






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edited yesterday





















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asked 2 days ago









CrownedEagle

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  • 3




    Does good old frequency division multiplexing count? Like CATV?
    – filo
    2 days ago






  • 1




    Not quite similar, but this reminded me of an interesting math question about communication protocols.
    – Wildcard
    yesterday






  • 4




    You can have 16 voltage levels between -1V and 1V and that is basically 4 bits.
    – PlasmaHH
    yesterday










  • You can do that using any transmission based on symbols (like modem does with bauds)
    – Gianluca Conte
    15 hours ago












  • 3




    Does good old frequency division multiplexing count? Like CATV?
    – filo
    2 days ago






  • 1




    Not quite similar, but this reminded me of an interesting math question about communication protocols.
    – Wildcard
    yesterday






  • 4




    You can have 16 voltage levels between -1V and 1V and that is basically 4 bits.
    – PlasmaHH
    yesterday










  • You can do that using any transmission based on symbols (like modem does with bauds)
    – Gianluca Conte
    15 hours ago







3




3




Does good old frequency division multiplexing count? Like CATV?
– filo
2 days ago




Does good old frequency division multiplexing count? Like CATV?
– filo
2 days ago




1




1




Not quite similar, but this reminded me of an interesting math question about communication protocols.
– Wildcard
yesterday




Not quite similar, but this reminded me of an interesting math question about communication protocols.
– Wildcard
yesterday




4




4




You can have 16 voltage levels between -1V and 1V and that is basically 4 bits.
– PlasmaHH
yesterday




You can have 16 voltage levels between -1V and 1V and that is basically 4 bits.
– PlasmaHH
yesterday












You can do that using any transmission based on symbols (like modem does with bauds)
– Gianluca Conte
15 hours ago




You can do that using any transmission based on symbols (like modem does with bauds)
– Gianluca Conte
15 hours ago










7 Answers
7






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up vote
28
down vote













16-QAM transmits 4 bits simultaneously by modulating both the phase angle and the carrier amplitude: -



enter image description here



At the receiving end, the noise added during transmission propagation may make the bits look like this: -



enter image description here



But, providing there is still a gap between data received and the halfway point between symbols you can detect it.



So, if you understand the noise in your channel and your channel bandwidth is accommodating, you will be able to send more than one bit simultaneously (as suggested by the Shannon-Hartley theorum): -



enter image description here






share|improve this answer





























    up vote
    17
    down vote













    Sure. PSK and FSK (and other modulation methods, for that matter) can have more than two choices for the phase or frequency. If you have four choices, you can send two bits at once.



    Advanced telephone modems (before we all switched to broadband) could encode as many as 8 to 10 bits at a time, using 256 to 1024 different signalling states.



    QAM-256 diagram (from here)








    share|improve this answer
















    • 10




      Oof, looks like you might have a bit of a phase noise problem there.
      – duskwuff
      2 days ago










    • @duskwuff, Yes, that's what the question on DSP.SE is about.
      – Dave Tweed♦
      2 days ago










    • @duskwuff yeah, error-correction gonna be busy:)
      – Martin James
      yesterday

















    up vote
    8
    down vote














    I know there are methods like PSK or FSK where phase or frequency of carrier is altered to represent different bits or states of signal, but those changes in Phase or Frequency are transmitted one after another i.e. Serially and not at once.




    This is not necessarily true. If your FSK modulation scheme has 4 or 8 or 16 different frequencies that can be transmitted instead of just two, you can transmit 2 or 3 or 4 bits per symbol.



    Any modulation scheme that offers more than 2 different symbol choices in each baud interval is transmitting more than 1 bit per symbol.




    So I want to know is there any existing communication or modulation method or protocol which can send multiple data bits at once and not one after another using shifting done in PSK or FSK?




    For example, pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM, currently a hot topic in fiber optic data communications) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) are typically designed with more than 1 bit per baud.






    share|improve this answer



























      up vote
      8
      down vote













      This is just sort of a overarching meta-answer, because I haven't seen the word "symbol" highlighted as much as I'd like. In typical communications systems, you only send one symbol at a time, but you may have more than 1 bit per symbol.



      A symbol is a logical concept which is mapped to some physical manifestation. For example, in Dave Chapman's answer there are 4 symbols, mapped to the physical voltage levels of 0V 1.25V 2.5V and 3.75V. In the 16QAM example from Andy aka's answer there's 16 symbols, mapped to a combination of amplitudes and phases.



      You can then define your mapping of symbols onto bits. If you have a simple digital lane with 2 symbols: 0V and 5V, you might map those symbols onto the bits 1 and 0. If you have 4 symbols (like Dave's voltage answer), you might map the onto pairs of bits, 00, 01, 10, 11. If you have 16 symbols, like 16QAM does, you might map it to 4 bit groups 0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100, 0101, 0110, 0111, 1000, 1001, 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, and 1111.



      Thus the more symbols you have, the more bits you can transmit at the same time. Of course, more symbols also means more its harder to distinguish which symbol was transmitted later.



      Its also possible to send more than one symbol on a wire, if your physical manifestations of those symbols are easy to separate. For example, cable sends data whose symbols fit into very nice narrow frequency bands (one per channel). The symbols sent on each of these channels can be handled independently.






      share|improve this answer



























        up vote
        6
        down vote













        After writing this answer, I noticed the question is tagged as "digital electronics": my answer requires analogue components so I don't know if it will be useful. I will leave it regardless in case it is.




        As a Control Systems Engineer, I would like to propose a simpler solution.



        If you can control either your current or voltage in an analogue fashion with high accuracy, you can pick a high and low reference value, lets say 0-16v for simplicity's sake. From here, if you have a resolution of 1v for your control you can transmit up to 4 bits of information simultaneously by picking the decimal representation of the bit field as your voltage.



        For example:



        0v => 0000
        1v => 0001
        7v => 0111
        etc.


        Then if you set it to a clock, you can understand that this value is updated at x Hz so your programs can respond even if the value hasn't changed.



        The only limit to this is the level of precision with which you can control your voltage/current transmission.




        There are standardised protocols for this such as PAM16 which is used in ethernet. This picks 16 values between -1v and 1v. Thanks to the comments for this information.






        share|improve this answer


















        • 1




          So it is essentially just a 4-bit ADC (Analog to Digital converter) with the voltage reference at 16 V + a clock to synchronize the data.
          – Harry Svensson
          2 days ago











        • Aye pretty much, there are other encodings you can use but this was a simple example. Thanks for your edit @HarrySvensson... Night shifts are getting to me
          – Persistence
          2 days ago











        • It can go much further. V.90 and V.92 (aka V.PCM) used up to 128 different levels to encode 7 bits on each sample.
          – jcaron
          2 days ago






        • 1




          @jcaron theoretically, it can transmit an infinite number of bits if you have infinitely small steps I believe. However, the downside is the number of increments grows exponentially.
          – Persistence
          2 days ago






        • 5




          Take 16 levels from -1V to 1V and you have PAM16 which is used in 10GBit ethernet
          – PlasmaHH
          yesterday

















        up vote
        4
        down vote













        There is a fairly standard method called the "dibit", which sends two bits
        in a given time slot. The bits are encoded as an analog voltage, like this:



        Voltage Data



        0.00 V - 00



        1.25 V - 01



        2.50 V - 10



        3.75 V - 11



        This system uses a D/A converter to send, and an A/D converter to receive.
        Similar systems exist for "tribits" and quadbits". After that, not so good.
        The problem, obviously, is that as you go to smaller and smaller distinctions
        between bit patterns, you become more vulnerable to noise.



        In fact, this is why digital data transmission was invented in the first place.



        Bottom line, you can do this, but there are trade-offs.






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          up vote
          0
          down vote













          A way to transmit several signals over single wire or medium is by using multiplexing, the two major types are FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) and TDM (Time Division Multiplexing).



          In FDM basically each signal modulates a different carrier, and all the signals are transmitted in the same medium at once, at the reciever side, there's usually some kind of filter which selects the frequency range of interest and demodulates the signal.



          In TDM each signal is transmitted in different time slots, imagine a line of 8 signals where every signal has its own turn, during a small time slot signal 1 will be transmitted, then signal 2, then signal 3 and so on, the cycle will repeat and start with signal 1 again.



          Also look at CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), from Wiki:




          CDMA is an example of multiple access, where several transmitters can send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth). To permit this without undue interference between the users, CDMA employs spread spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code).




          A variant of FDM is OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)






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            7 Answers
            7






            active

            oldest

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            7 Answers
            7






            active

            oldest

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            active

            oldest

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            active

            oldest

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            up vote
            28
            down vote













            16-QAM transmits 4 bits simultaneously by modulating both the phase angle and the carrier amplitude: -



            enter image description here



            At the receiving end, the noise added during transmission propagation may make the bits look like this: -



            enter image description here



            But, providing there is still a gap between data received and the halfway point between symbols you can detect it.



            So, if you understand the noise in your channel and your channel bandwidth is accommodating, you will be able to send more than one bit simultaneously (as suggested by the Shannon-Hartley theorum): -



            enter image description here






            share|improve this answer


























              up vote
              28
              down vote













              16-QAM transmits 4 bits simultaneously by modulating both the phase angle and the carrier amplitude: -



              enter image description here



              At the receiving end, the noise added during transmission propagation may make the bits look like this: -



              enter image description here



              But, providing there is still a gap between data received and the halfway point between symbols you can detect it.



              So, if you understand the noise in your channel and your channel bandwidth is accommodating, you will be able to send more than one bit simultaneously (as suggested by the Shannon-Hartley theorum): -



              enter image description here






              share|improve this answer
























                up vote
                28
                down vote










                up vote
                28
                down vote









                16-QAM transmits 4 bits simultaneously by modulating both the phase angle and the carrier amplitude: -



                enter image description here



                At the receiving end, the noise added during transmission propagation may make the bits look like this: -



                enter image description here



                But, providing there is still a gap between data received and the halfway point between symbols you can detect it.



                So, if you understand the noise in your channel and your channel bandwidth is accommodating, you will be able to send more than one bit simultaneously (as suggested by the Shannon-Hartley theorum): -



                enter image description here






                share|improve this answer














                16-QAM transmits 4 bits simultaneously by modulating both the phase angle and the carrier amplitude: -



                enter image description here



                At the receiving end, the noise added during transmission propagation may make the bits look like this: -



                enter image description here



                But, providing there is still a gap between data received and the halfway point between symbols you can detect it.



                So, if you understand the noise in your channel and your channel bandwidth is accommodating, you will be able to send more than one bit simultaneously (as suggested by the Shannon-Hartley theorum): -



                enter image description here







                share|improve this answer














                share|improve this answer



                share|improve this answer








                edited 16 hours ago

























                answered 2 days ago









                Andy aka

                229k9171389




                229k9171389






















                    up vote
                    17
                    down vote













                    Sure. PSK and FSK (and other modulation methods, for that matter) can have more than two choices for the phase or frequency. If you have four choices, you can send two bits at once.



                    Advanced telephone modems (before we all switched to broadband) could encode as many as 8 to 10 bits at a time, using 256 to 1024 different signalling states.



                    QAM-256 diagram (from here)








                    share|improve this answer
















                    • 10




                      Oof, looks like you might have a bit of a phase noise problem there.
                      – duskwuff
                      2 days ago










                    • @duskwuff, Yes, that's what the question on DSP.SE is about.
                      – Dave Tweed♦
                      2 days ago










                    • @duskwuff yeah, error-correction gonna be busy:)
                      – Martin James
                      yesterday














                    up vote
                    17
                    down vote













                    Sure. PSK and FSK (and other modulation methods, for that matter) can have more than two choices for the phase or frequency. If you have four choices, you can send two bits at once.



                    Advanced telephone modems (before we all switched to broadband) could encode as many as 8 to 10 bits at a time, using 256 to 1024 different signalling states.



                    QAM-256 diagram (from here)








                    share|improve this answer
















                    • 10




                      Oof, looks like you might have a bit of a phase noise problem there.
                      – duskwuff
                      2 days ago










                    • @duskwuff, Yes, that's what the question on DSP.SE is about.
                      – Dave Tweed♦
                      2 days ago










                    • @duskwuff yeah, error-correction gonna be busy:)
                      – Martin James
                      yesterday












                    up vote
                    17
                    down vote










                    up vote
                    17
                    down vote









                    Sure. PSK and FSK (and other modulation methods, for that matter) can have more than two choices for the phase or frequency. If you have four choices, you can send two bits at once.



                    Advanced telephone modems (before we all switched to broadband) could encode as many as 8 to 10 bits at a time, using 256 to 1024 different signalling states.



                    QAM-256 diagram (from here)








                    share|improve this answer












                    Sure. PSK and FSK (and other modulation methods, for that matter) can have more than two choices for the phase or frequency. If you have four choices, you can send two bits at once.



                    Advanced telephone modems (before we all switched to broadband) could encode as many as 8 to 10 bits at a time, using 256 to 1024 different signalling states.



                    QAM-256 diagram (from here)









                    share|improve this answer












                    share|improve this answer



                    share|improve this answer










                    answered 2 days ago









                    Dave Tweed♦

                    108k9129230




                    108k9129230







                    • 10




                      Oof, looks like you might have a bit of a phase noise problem there.
                      – duskwuff
                      2 days ago










                    • @duskwuff, Yes, that's what the question on DSP.SE is about.
                      – Dave Tweed♦
                      2 days ago










                    • @duskwuff yeah, error-correction gonna be busy:)
                      – Martin James
                      yesterday












                    • 10




                      Oof, looks like you might have a bit of a phase noise problem there.
                      – duskwuff
                      2 days ago










                    • @duskwuff, Yes, that's what the question on DSP.SE is about.
                      – Dave Tweed♦
                      2 days ago










                    • @duskwuff yeah, error-correction gonna be busy:)
                      – Martin James
                      yesterday







                    10




                    10




                    Oof, looks like you might have a bit of a phase noise problem there.
                    – duskwuff
                    2 days ago




                    Oof, looks like you might have a bit of a phase noise problem there.
                    – duskwuff
                    2 days ago












                    @duskwuff, Yes, that's what the question on DSP.SE is about.
                    – Dave Tweed♦
                    2 days ago




                    @duskwuff, Yes, that's what the question on DSP.SE is about.
                    – Dave Tweed♦
                    2 days ago












                    @duskwuff yeah, error-correction gonna be busy:)
                    – Martin James
                    yesterday




                    @duskwuff yeah, error-correction gonna be busy:)
                    – Martin James
                    yesterday










                    up vote
                    8
                    down vote














                    I know there are methods like PSK or FSK where phase or frequency of carrier is altered to represent different bits or states of signal, but those changes in Phase or Frequency are transmitted one after another i.e. Serially and not at once.




                    This is not necessarily true. If your FSK modulation scheme has 4 or 8 or 16 different frequencies that can be transmitted instead of just two, you can transmit 2 or 3 or 4 bits per symbol.



                    Any modulation scheme that offers more than 2 different symbol choices in each baud interval is transmitting more than 1 bit per symbol.




                    So I want to know is there any existing communication or modulation method or protocol which can send multiple data bits at once and not one after another using shifting done in PSK or FSK?




                    For example, pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM, currently a hot topic in fiber optic data communications) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) are typically designed with more than 1 bit per baud.






                    share|improve this answer
























                      up vote
                      8
                      down vote














                      I know there are methods like PSK or FSK where phase or frequency of carrier is altered to represent different bits or states of signal, but those changes in Phase or Frequency are transmitted one after another i.e. Serially and not at once.




                      This is not necessarily true. If your FSK modulation scheme has 4 or 8 or 16 different frequencies that can be transmitted instead of just two, you can transmit 2 or 3 or 4 bits per symbol.



                      Any modulation scheme that offers more than 2 different symbol choices in each baud interval is transmitting more than 1 bit per symbol.




                      So I want to know is there any existing communication or modulation method or protocol which can send multiple data bits at once and not one after another using shifting done in PSK or FSK?




                      For example, pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM, currently a hot topic in fiber optic data communications) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) are typically designed with more than 1 bit per baud.






                      share|improve this answer






















                        up vote
                        8
                        down vote










                        up vote
                        8
                        down vote










                        I know there are methods like PSK or FSK where phase or frequency of carrier is altered to represent different bits or states of signal, but those changes in Phase or Frequency are transmitted one after another i.e. Serially and not at once.




                        This is not necessarily true. If your FSK modulation scheme has 4 or 8 or 16 different frequencies that can be transmitted instead of just two, you can transmit 2 or 3 or 4 bits per symbol.



                        Any modulation scheme that offers more than 2 different symbol choices in each baud interval is transmitting more than 1 bit per symbol.




                        So I want to know is there any existing communication or modulation method or protocol which can send multiple data bits at once and not one after another using shifting done in PSK or FSK?




                        For example, pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM, currently a hot topic in fiber optic data communications) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) are typically designed with more than 1 bit per baud.






                        share|improve this answer













                        I know there are methods like PSK or FSK where phase or frequency of carrier is altered to represent different bits or states of signal, but those changes in Phase or Frequency are transmitted one after another i.e. Serially and not at once.




                        This is not necessarily true. If your FSK modulation scheme has 4 or 8 or 16 different frequencies that can be transmitted instead of just two, you can transmit 2 or 3 or 4 bits per symbol.



                        Any modulation scheme that offers more than 2 different symbol choices in each baud interval is transmitting more than 1 bit per symbol.




                        So I want to know is there any existing communication or modulation method or protocol which can send multiple data bits at once and not one after another using shifting done in PSK or FSK?




                        For example, pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM, currently a hot topic in fiber optic data communications) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) are typically designed with more than 1 bit per baud.







                        share|improve this answer












                        share|improve this answer



                        share|improve this answer










                        answered 2 days ago









                        The Photon

                        79.5k394187




                        79.5k394187




















                            up vote
                            8
                            down vote













                            This is just sort of a overarching meta-answer, because I haven't seen the word "symbol" highlighted as much as I'd like. In typical communications systems, you only send one symbol at a time, but you may have more than 1 bit per symbol.



                            A symbol is a logical concept which is mapped to some physical manifestation. For example, in Dave Chapman's answer there are 4 symbols, mapped to the physical voltage levels of 0V 1.25V 2.5V and 3.75V. In the 16QAM example from Andy aka's answer there's 16 symbols, mapped to a combination of amplitudes and phases.



                            You can then define your mapping of symbols onto bits. If you have a simple digital lane with 2 symbols: 0V and 5V, you might map those symbols onto the bits 1 and 0. If you have 4 symbols (like Dave's voltage answer), you might map the onto pairs of bits, 00, 01, 10, 11. If you have 16 symbols, like 16QAM does, you might map it to 4 bit groups 0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100, 0101, 0110, 0111, 1000, 1001, 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, and 1111.



                            Thus the more symbols you have, the more bits you can transmit at the same time. Of course, more symbols also means more its harder to distinguish which symbol was transmitted later.



                            Its also possible to send more than one symbol on a wire, if your physical manifestations of those symbols are easy to separate. For example, cable sends data whose symbols fit into very nice narrow frequency bands (one per channel). The symbols sent on each of these channels can be handled independently.






                            share|improve this answer
























                              up vote
                              8
                              down vote













                              This is just sort of a overarching meta-answer, because I haven't seen the word "symbol" highlighted as much as I'd like. In typical communications systems, you only send one symbol at a time, but you may have more than 1 bit per symbol.



                              A symbol is a logical concept which is mapped to some physical manifestation. For example, in Dave Chapman's answer there are 4 symbols, mapped to the physical voltage levels of 0V 1.25V 2.5V and 3.75V. In the 16QAM example from Andy aka's answer there's 16 symbols, mapped to a combination of amplitudes and phases.



                              You can then define your mapping of symbols onto bits. If you have a simple digital lane with 2 symbols: 0V and 5V, you might map those symbols onto the bits 1 and 0. If you have 4 symbols (like Dave's voltage answer), you might map the onto pairs of bits, 00, 01, 10, 11. If you have 16 symbols, like 16QAM does, you might map it to 4 bit groups 0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100, 0101, 0110, 0111, 1000, 1001, 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, and 1111.



                              Thus the more symbols you have, the more bits you can transmit at the same time. Of course, more symbols also means more its harder to distinguish which symbol was transmitted later.



                              Its also possible to send more than one symbol on a wire, if your physical manifestations of those symbols are easy to separate. For example, cable sends data whose symbols fit into very nice narrow frequency bands (one per channel). The symbols sent on each of these channels can be handled independently.






                              share|improve this answer






















                                up vote
                                8
                                down vote










                                up vote
                                8
                                down vote









                                This is just sort of a overarching meta-answer, because I haven't seen the word "symbol" highlighted as much as I'd like. In typical communications systems, you only send one symbol at a time, but you may have more than 1 bit per symbol.



                                A symbol is a logical concept which is mapped to some physical manifestation. For example, in Dave Chapman's answer there are 4 symbols, mapped to the physical voltage levels of 0V 1.25V 2.5V and 3.75V. In the 16QAM example from Andy aka's answer there's 16 symbols, mapped to a combination of amplitudes and phases.



                                You can then define your mapping of symbols onto bits. If you have a simple digital lane with 2 symbols: 0V and 5V, you might map those symbols onto the bits 1 and 0. If you have 4 symbols (like Dave's voltage answer), you might map the onto pairs of bits, 00, 01, 10, 11. If you have 16 symbols, like 16QAM does, you might map it to 4 bit groups 0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100, 0101, 0110, 0111, 1000, 1001, 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, and 1111.



                                Thus the more symbols you have, the more bits you can transmit at the same time. Of course, more symbols also means more its harder to distinguish which symbol was transmitted later.



                                Its also possible to send more than one symbol on a wire, if your physical manifestations of those symbols are easy to separate. For example, cable sends data whose symbols fit into very nice narrow frequency bands (one per channel). The symbols sent on each of these channels can be handled independently.






                                share|improve this answer












                                This is just sort of a overarching meta-answer, because I haven't seen the word "symbol" highlighted as much as I'd like. In typical communications systems, you only send one symbol at a time, but you may have more than 1 bit per symbol.



                                A symbol is a logical concept which is mapped to some physical manifestation. For example, in Dave Chapman's answer there are 4 symbols, mapped to the physical voltage levels of 0V 1.25V 2.5V and 3.75V. In the 16QAM example from Andy aka's answer there's 16 symbols, mapped to a combination of amplitudes and phases.



                                You can then define your mapping of symbols onto bits. If you have a simple digital lane with 2 symbols: 0V and 5V, you might map those symbols onto the bits 1 and 0. If you have 4 symbols (like Dave's voltage answer), you might map the onto pairs of bits, 00, 01, 10, 11. If you have 16 symbols, like 16QAM does, you might map it to 4 bit groups 0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100, 0101, 0110, 0111, 1000, 1001, 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, and 1111.



                                Thus the more symbols you have, the more bits you can transmit at the same time. Of course, more symbols also means more its harder to distinguish which symbol was transmitted later.



                                Its also possible to send more than one symbol on a wire, if your physical manifestations of those symbols are easy to separate. For example, cable sends data whose symbols fit into very nice narrow frequency bands (one per channel). The symbols sent on each of these channels can be handled independently.







                                share|improve this answer












                                share|improve this answer



                                share|improve this answer










                                answered yesterday









                                Cort Ammon

                                2,154615




                                2,154615




















                                    up vote
                                    6
                                    down vote













                                    After writing this answer, I noticed the question is tagged as "digital electronics": my answer requires analogue components so I don't know if it will be useful. I will leave it regardless in case it is.




                                    As a Control Systems Engineer, I would like to propose a simpler solution.



                                    If you can control either your current or voltage in an analogue fashion with high accuracy, you can pick a high and low reference value, lets say 0-16v for simplicity's sake. From here, if you have a resolution of 1v for your control you can transmit up to 4 bits of information simultaneously by picking the decimal representation of the bit field as your voltage.



                                    For example:



                                    0v => 0000
                                    1v => 0001
                                    7v => 0111
                                    etc.


                                    Then if you set it to a clock, you can understand that this value is updated at x Hz so your programs can respond even if the value hasn't changed.



                                    The only limit to this is the level of precision with which you can control your voltage/current transmission.




                                    There are standardised protocols for this such as PAM16 which is used in ethernet. This picks 16 values between -1v and 1v. Thanks to the comments for this information.






                                    share|improve this answer


















                                    • 1




                                      So it is essentially just a 4-bit ADC (Analog to Digital converter) with the voltage reference at 16 V + a clock to synchronize the data.
                                      – Harry Svensson
                                      2 days ago











                                    • Aye pretty much, there are other encodings you can use but this was a simple example. Thanks for your edit @HarrySvensson... Night shifts are getting to me
                                      – Persistence
                                      2 days ago











                                    • It can go much further. V.90 and V.92 (aka V.PCM) used up to 128 different levels to encode 7 bits on each sample.
                                      – jcaron
                                      2 days ago






                                    • 1




                                      @jcaron theoretically, it can transmit an infinite number of bits if you have infinitely small steps I believe. However, the downside is the number of increments grows exponentially.
                                      – Persistence
                                      2 days ago






                                    • 5




                                      Take 16 levels from -1V to 1V and you have PAM16 which is used in 10GBit ethernet
                                      – PlasmaHH
                                      yesterday














                                    up vote
                                    6
                                    down vote













                                    After writing this answer, I noticed the question is tagged as "digital electronics": my answer requires analogue components so I don't know if it will be useful. I will leave it regardless in case it is.




                                    As a Control Systems Engineer, I would like to propose a simpler solution.



                                    If you can control either your current or voltage in an analogue fashion with high accuracy, you can pick a high and low reference value, lets say 0-16v for simplicity's sake. From here, if you have a resolution of 1v for your control you can transmit up to 4 bits of information simultaneously by picking the decimal representation of the bit field as your voltage.



                                    For example:



                                    0v => 0000
                                    1v => 0001
                                    7v => 0111
                                    etc.


                                    Then if you set it to a clock, you can understand that this value is updated at x Hz so your programs can respond even if the value hasn't changed.



                                    The only limit to this is the level of precision with which you can control your voltage/current transmission.




                                    There are standardised protocols for this such as PAM16 which is used in ethernet. This picks 16 values between -1v and 1v. Thanks to the comments for this information.






                                    share|improve this answer


















                                    • 1




                                      So it is essentially just a 4-bit ADC (Analog to Digital converter) with the voltage reference at 16 V + a clock to synchronize the data.
                                      – Harry Svensson
                                      2 days ago











                                    • Aye pretty much, there are other encodings you can use but this was a simple example. Thanks for your edit @HarrySvensson... Night shifts are getting to me
                                      – Persistence
                                      2 days ago











                                    • It can go much further. V.90 and V.92 (aka V.PCM) used up to 128 different levels to encode 7 bits on each sample.
                                      – jcaron
                                      2 days ago






                                    • 1




                                      @jcaron theoretically, it can transmit an infinite number of bits if you have infinitely small steps I believe. However, the downside is the number of increments grows exponentially.
                                      – Persistence
                                      2 days ago






                                    • 5




                                      Take 16 levels from -1V to 1V and you have PAM16 which is used in 10GBit ethernet
                                      – PlasmaHH
                                      yesterday












                                    up vote
                                    6
                                    down vote










                                    up vote
                                    6
                                    down vote









                                    After writing this answer, I noticed the question is tagged as "digital electronics": my answer requires analogue components so I don't know if it will be useful. I will leave it regardless in case it is.




                                    As a Control Systems Engineer, I would like to propose a simpler solution.



                                    If you can control either your current or voltage in an analogue fashion with high accuracy, you can pick a high and low reference value, lets say 0-16v for simplicity's sake. From here, if you have a resolution of 1v for your control you can transmit up to 4 bits of information simultaneously by picking the decimal representation of the bit field as your voltage.



                                    For example:



                                    0v => 0000
                                    1v => 0001
                                    7v => 0111
                                    etc.


                                    Then if you set it to a clock, you can understand that this value is updated at x Hz so your programs can respond even if the value hasn't changed.



                                    The only limit to this is the level of precision with which you can control your voltage/current transmission.




                                    There are standardised protocols for this such as PAM16 which is used in ethernet. This picks 16 values between -1v and 1v. Thanks to the comments for this information.






                                    share|improve this answer














                                    After writing this answer, I noticed the question is tagged as "digital electronics": my answer requires analogue components so I don't know if it will be useful. I will leave it regardless in case it is.




                                    As a Control Systems Engineer, I would like to propose a simpler solution.



                                    If you can control either your current or voltage in an analogue fashion with high accuracy, you can pick a high and low reference value, lets say 0-16v for simplicity's sake. From here, if you have a resolution of 1v for your control you can transmit up to 4 bits of information simultaneously by picking the decimal representation of the bit field as your voltage.



                                    For example:



                                    0v => 0000
                                    1v => 0001
                                    7v => 0111
                                    etc.


                                    Then if you set it to a clock, you can understand that this value is updated at x Hz so your programs can respond even if the value hasn't changed.



                                    The only limit to this is the level of precision with which you can control your voltage/current transmission.




                                    There are standardised protocols for this such as PAM16 which is used in ethernet. This picks 16 values between -1v and 1v. Thanks to the comments for this information.







                                    share|improve this answer














                                    share|improve this answer



                                    share|improve this answer








                                    edited yesterday

























                                    answered 2 days ago









                                    Persistence

                                    1635




                                    1635







                                    • 1




                                      So it is essentially just a 4-bit ADC (Analog to Digital converter) with the voltage reference at 16 V + a clock to synchronize the data.
                                      – Harry Svensson
                                      2 days ago











                                    • Aye pretty much, there are other encodings you can use but this was a simple example. Thanks for your edit @HarrySvensson... Night shifts are getting to me
                                      – Persistence
                                      2 days ago











                                    • It can go much further. V.90 and V.92 (aka V.PCM) used up to 128 different levels to encode 7 bits on each sample.
                                      – jcaron
                                      2 days ago






                                    • 1




                                      @jcaron theoretically, it can transmit an infinite number of bits if you have infinitely small steps I believe. However, the downside is the number of increments grows exponentially.
                                      – Persistence
                                      2 days ago






                                    • 5




                                      Take 16 levels from -1V to 1V and you have PAM16 which is used in 10GBit ethernet
                                      – PlasmaHH
                                      yesterday












                                    • 1




                                      So it is essentially just a 4-bit ADC (Analog to Digital converter) with the voltage reference at 16 V + a clock to synchronize the data.
                                      – Harry Svensson
                                      2 days ago











                                    • Aye pretty much, there are other encodings you can use but this was a simple example. Thanks for your edit @HarrySvensson... Night shifts are getting to me
                                      – Persistence
                                      2 days ago











                                    • It can go much further. V.90 and V.92 (aka V.PCM) used up to 128 different levels to encode 7 bits on each sample.
                                      – jcaron
                                      2 days ago






                                    • 1




                                      @jcaron theoretically, it can transmit an infinite number of bits if you have infinitely small steps I believe. However, the downside is the number of increments grows exponentially.
                                      – Persistence
                                      2 days ago






                                    • 5




                                      Take 16 levels from -1V to 1V and you have PAM16 which is used in 10GBit ethernet
                                      – PlasmaHH
                                      yesterday







                                    1




                                    1




                                    So it is essentially just a 4-bit ADC (Analog to Digital converter) with the voltage reference at 16 V + a clock to synchronize the data.
                                    – Harry Svensson
                                    2 days ago





                                    So it is essentially just a 4-bit ADC (Analog to Digital converter) with the voltage reference at 16 V + a clock to synchronize the data.
                                    – Harry Svensson
                                    2 days ago













                                    Aye pretty much, there are other encodings you can use but this was a simple example. Thanks for your edit @HarrySvensson... Night shifts are getting to me
                                    – Persistence
                                    2 days ago





                                    Aye pretty much, there are other encodings you can use but this was a simple example. Thanks for your edit @HarrySvensson... Night shifts are getting to me
                                    – Persistence
                                    2 days ago













                                    It can go much further. V.90 and V.92 (aka V.PCM) used up to 128 different levels to encode 7 bits on each sample.
                                    – jcaron
                                    2 days ago




                                    It can go much further. V.90 and V.92 (aka V.PCM) used up to 128 different levels to encode 7 bits on each sample.
                                    – jcaron
                                    2 days ago




                                    1




                                    1




                                    @jcaron theoretically, it can transmit an infinite number of bits if you have infinitely small steps I believe. However, the downside is the number of increments grows exponentially.
                                    – Persistence
                                    2 days ago




                                    @jcaron theoretically, it can transmit an infinite number of bits if you have infinitely small steps I believe. However, the downside is the number of increments grows exponentially.
                                    – Persistence
                                    2 days ago




                                    5




                                    5




                                    Take 16 levels from -1V to 1V and you have PAM16 which is used in 10GBit ethernet
                                    – PlasmaHH
                                    yesterday




                                    Take 16 levels from -1V to 1V and you have PAM16 which is used in 10GBit ethernet
                                    – PlasmaHH
                                    yesterday










                                    up vote
                                    4
                                    down vote













                                    There is a fairly standard method called the "dibit", which sends two bits
                                    in a given time slot. The bits are encoded as an analog voltage, like this:



                                    Voltage Data



                                    0.00 V - 00



                                    1.25 V - 01



                                    2.50 V - 10



                                    3.75 V - 11



                                    This system uses a D/A converter to send, and an A/D converter to receive.
                                    Similar systems exist for "tribits" and quadbits". After that, not so good.
                                    The problem, obviously, is that as you go to smaller and smaller distinctions
                                    between bit patterns, you become more vulnerable to noise.



                                    In fact, this is why digital data transmission was invented in the first place.



                                    Bottom line, you can do this, but there are trade-offs.






                                    share|improve this answer








                                    New contributor




                                    Dave Chapman is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                                    Check out our Code of Conduct.





















                                      up vote
                                      4
                                      down vote













                                      There is a fairly standard method called the "dibit", which sends two bits
                                      in a given time slot. The bits are encoded as an analog voltage, like this:



                                      Voltage Data



                                      0.00 V - 00



                                      1.25 V - 01



                                      2.50 V - 10



                                      3.75 V - 11



                                      This system uses a D/A converter to send, and an A/D converter to receive.
                                      Similar systems exist for "tribits" and quadbits". After that, not so good.
                                      The problem, obviously, is that as you go to smaller and smaller distinctions
                                      between bit patterns, you become more vulnerable to noise.



                                      In fact, this is why digital data transmission was invented in the first place.



                                      Bottom line, you can do this, but there are trade-offs.






                                      share|improve this answer








                                      New contributor




                                      Dave Chapman is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                                      Check out our Code of Conduct.



















                                        up vote
                                        4
                                        down vote










                                        up vote
                                        4
                                        down vote









                                        There is a fairly standard method called the "dibit", which sends two bits
                                        in a given time slot. The bits are encoded as an analog voltage, like this:



                                        Voltage Data



                                        0.00 V - 00



                                        1.25 V - 01



                                        2.50 V - 10



                                        3.75 V - 11



                                        This system uses a D/A converter to send, and an A/D converter to receive.
                                        Similar systems exist for "tribits" and quadbits". After that, not so good.
                                        The problem, obviously, is that as you go to smaller and smaller distinctions
                                        between bit patterns, you become more vulnerable to noise.



                                        In fact, this is why digital data transmission was invented in the first place.



                                        Bottom line, you can do this, but there are trade-offs.






                                        share|improve this answer








                                        New contributor




                                        Dave Chapman is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                                        Check out our Code of Conduct.









                                        There is a fairly standard method called the "dibit", which sends two bits
                                        in a given time slot. The bits are encoded as an analog voltage, like this:



                                        Voltage Data



                                        0.00 V - 00



                                        1.25 V - 01



                                        2.50 V - 10



                                        3.75 V - 11



                                        This system uses a D/A converter to send, and an A/D converter to receive.
                                        Similar systems exist for "tribits" and quadbits". After that, not so good.
                                        The problem, obviously, is that as you go to smaller and smaller distinctions
                                        between bit patterns, you become more vulnerable to noise.



                                        In fact, this is why digital data transmission was invented in the first place.



                                        Bottom line, you can do this, but there are trade-offs.







                                        share|improve this answer








                                        New contributor




                                        Dave Chapman is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                                        Check out our Code of Conduct.









                                        share|improve this answer



                                        share|improve this answer






                                        New contributor




                                        Dave Chapman is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                                        Check out our Code of Conduct.









                                        answered yesterday









                                        Dave Chapman

                                        411




                                        411




                                        New contributor




                                        Dave Chapman is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                                        Check out our Code of Conduct.





                                        New contributor





                                        Dave Chapman is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                                        Check out our Code of Conduct.






                                        Dave Chapman is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                                        Check out our Code of Conduct.




















                                            up vote
                                            0
                                            down vote













                                            A way to transmit several signals over single wire or medium is by using multiplexing, the two major types are FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) and TDM (Time Division Multiplexing).



                                            In FDM basically each signal modulates a different carrier, and all the signals are transmitted in the same medium at once, at the reciever side, there's usually some kind of filter which selects the frequency range of interest and demodulates the signal.



                                            In TDM each signal is transmitted in different time slots, imagine a line of 8 signals where every signal has its own turn, during a small time slot signal 1 will be transmitted, then signal 2, then signal 3 and so on, the cycle will repeat and start with signal 1 again.



                                            Also look at CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), from Wiki:




                                            CDMA is an example of multiple access, where several transmitters can send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth). To permit this without undue interference between the users, CDMA employs spread spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code).




                                            A variant of FDM is OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)






                                            share|improve this answer


























                                              up vote
                                              0
                                              down vote













                                              A way to transmit several signals over single wire or medium is by using multiplexing, the two major types are FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) and TDM (Time Division Multiplexing).



                                              In FDM basically each signal modulates a different carrier, and all the signals are transmitted in the same medium at once, at the reciever side, there's usually some kind of filter which selects the frequency range of interest and demodulates the signal.



                                              In TDM each signal is transmitted in different time slots, imagine a line of 8 signals where every signal has its own turn, during a small time slot signal 1 will be transmitted, then signal 2, then signal 3 and so on, the cycle will repeat and start with signal 1 again.



                                              Also look at CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), from Wiki:




                                              CDMA is an example of multiple access, where several transmitters can send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth). To permit this without undue interference between the users, CDMA employs spread spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code).




                                              A variant of FDM is OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)






                                              share|improve this answer
























                                                up vote
                                                0
                                                down vote










                                                up vote
                                                0
                                                down vote









                                                A way to transmit several signals over single wire or medium is by using multiplexing, the two major types are FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) and TDM (Time Division Multiplexing).



                                                In FDM basically each signal modulates a different carrier, and all the signals are transmitted in the same medium at once, at the reciever side, there's usually some kind of filter which selects the frequency range of interest and demodulates the signal.



                                                In TDM each signal is transmitted in different time slots, imagine a line of 8 signals where every signal has its own turn, during a small time slot signal 1 will be transmitted, then signal 2, then signal 3 and so on, the cycle will repeat and start with signal 1 again.



                                                Also look at CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), from Wiki:




                                                CDMA is an example of multiple access, where several transmitters can send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth). To permit this without undue interference between the users, CDMA employs spread spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code).




                                                A variant of FDM is OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)






                                                share|improve this answer














                                                A way to transmit several signals over single wire or medium is by using multiplexing, the two major types are FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) and TDM (Time Division Multiplexing).



                                                In FDM basically each signal modulates a different carrier, and all the signals are transmitted in the same medium at once, at the reciever side, there's usually some kind of filter which selects the frequency range of interest and demodulates the signal.



                                                In TDM each signal is transmitted in different time slots, imagine a line of 8 signals where every signal has its own turn, during a small time slot signal 1 will be transmitted, then signal 2, then signal 3 and so on, the cycle will repeat and start with signal 1 again.



                                                Also look at CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), from Wiki:




                                                CDMA is an example of multiple access, where several transmitters can send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth). To permit this without undue interference between the users, CDMA employs spread spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code).




                                                A variant of FDM is OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)







                                                share|improve this answer














                                                share|improve this answer



                                                share|improve this answer








                                                edited yesterday

























                                                answered yesterday









                                                S.s.

                                                94651429




                                                94651429




















                                                    CrownedEagle is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.









                                                     

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