Is it an advantage to be a resident of the state in which you are applying to PhD programs at state universities?

The name of the pictureThe name of the pictureThe name of the pictureClash Royale CLAN TAG#URR8PPP











up vote
9
down vote

favorite












I just moved to a new state (California) for a temporary job and am planning to apply to graduate school (physics PhD programs) at state schools here. If I want, I can establish residency here; this would be somewhat expensive and a take a bit of time, so I have not been particularly motivated to do so. I had assumed that since my tuition would be covered anyways in a PhD program, there was no advantage to being in-state. However, my supervisor raised the possibility that it might be to my benefit when applying to California grad schools to be a California resident; is this true? Does residency have an effect on PhD program admissions at state schools?







share|improve this question


















  • 3




    What expenses does establishing residency occur beyond living there for your temporary job?
    – Azor Ahai
    Aug 17 at 17:33






  • 2




    Things like getting a new driver's license, re-registering a car, etc, have associated fees. Legally you are probably required to do those things whether you care about establishing residency or not, but in practice, if you don't care about residency, you might let them slide.
    – Nate Eldredge
    Aug 17 at 18:02






  • 1




    At my institution, graduate students who are TA's and RA's are granted immediate residency. However, I know that things are different in some other states. I think you'll find considerable variation from one state to another.
    – Brian Borchers
    Aug 17 at 20:23










  • If you moved to California for a job, you might be required to do things like get a California driver's license anyway. (I'm not a lawyer; this isn't legal advice. But don't get stopped for speeding with a local address and an out-of-state license.)
    – Bob Brown
    Aug 19 at 21:15














up vote
9
down vote

favorite












I just moved to a new state (California) for a temporary job and am planning to apply to graduate school (physics PhD programs) at state schools here. If I want, I can establish residency here; this would be somewhat expensive and a take a bit of time, so I have not been particularly motivated to do so. I had assumed that since my tuition would be covered anyways in a PhD program, there was no advantage to being in-state. However, my supervisor raised the possibility that it might be to my benefit when applying to California grad schools to be a California resident; is this true? Does residency have an effect on PhD program admissions at state schools?







share|improve this question


















  • 3




    What expenses does establishing residency occur beyond living there for your temporary job?
    – Azor Ahai
    Aug 17 at 17:33






  • 2




    Things like getting a new driver's license, re-registering a car, etc, have associated fees. Legally you are probably required to do those things whether you care about establishing residency or not, but in practice, if you don't care about residency, you might let them slide.
    – Nate Eldredge
    Aug 17 at 18:02






  • 1




    At my institution, graduate students who are TA's and RA's are granted immediate residency. However, I know that things are different in some other states. I think you'll find considerable variation from one state to another.
    – Brian Borchers
    Aug 17 at 20:23










  • If you moved to California for a job, you might be required to do things like get a California driver's license anyway. (I'm not a lawyer; this isn't legal advice. But don't get stopped for speeding with a local address and an out-of-state license.)
    – Bob Brown
    Aug 19 at 21:15












up vote
9
down vote

favorite









up vote
9
down vote

favorite











I just moved to a new state (California) for a temporary job and am planning to apply to graduate school (physics PhD programs) at state schools here. If I want, I can establish residency here; this would be somewhat expensive and a take a bit of time, so I have not been particularly motivated to do so. I had assumed that since my tuition would be covered anyways in a PhD program, there was no advantage to being in-state. However, my supervisor raised the possibility that it might be to my benefit when applying to California grad schools to be a California resident; is this true? Does residency have an effect on PhD program admissions at state schools?







share|improve this question














I just moved to a new state (California) for a temporary job and am planning to apply to graduate school (physics PhD programs) at state schools here. If I want, I can establish residency here; this would be somewhat expensive and a take a bit of time, so I have not been particularly motivated to do so. I had assumed that since my tuition would be covered anyways in a PhD program, there was no advantage to being in-state. However, my supervisor raised the possibility that it might be to my benefit when applying to California grad schools to be a California resident; is this true? Does residency have an effect on PhD program admissions at state schools?









share|improve this question













share|improve this question




share|improve this question








edited Aug 17 at 19:48









astronat

9,06723156




9,06723156










asked Aug 17 at 16:44









madeline

613




613







  • 3




    What expenses does establishing residency occur beyond living there for your temporary job?
    – Azor Ahai
    Aug 17 at 17:33






  • 2




    Things like getting a new driver's license, re-registering a car, etc, have associated fees. Legally you are probably required to do those things whether you care about establishing residency or not, but in practice, if you don't care about residency, you might let them slide.
    – Nate Eldredge
    Aug 17 at 18:02






  • 1




    At my institution, graduate students who are TA's and RA's are granted immediate residency. However, I know that things are different in some other states. I think you'll find considerable variation from one state to another.
    – Brian Borchers
    Aug 17 at 20:23










  • If you moved to California for a job, you might be required to do things like get a California driver's license anyway. (I'm not a lawyer; this isn't legal advice. But don't get stopped for speeding with a local address and an out-of-state license.)
    – Bob Brown
    Aug 19 at 21:15












  • 3




    What expenses does establishing residency occur beyond living there for your temporary job?
    – Azor Ahai
    Aug 17 at 17:33






  • 2




    Things like getting a new driver's license, re-registering a car, etc, have associated fees. Legally you are probably required to do those things whether you care about establishing residency or not, but in practice, if you don't care about residency, you might let them slide.
    – Nate Eldredge
    Aug 17 at 18:02






  • 1




    At my institution, graduate students who are TA's and RA's are granted immediate residency. However, I know that things are different in some other states. I think you'll find considerable variation from one state to another.
    – Brian Borchers
    Aug 17 at 20:23










  • If you moved to California for a job, you might be required to do things like get a California driver's license anyway. (I'm not a lawyer; this isn't legal advice. But don't get stopped for speeding with a local address and an out-of-state license.)
    – Bob Brown
    Aug 19 at 21:15







3




3




What expenses does establishing residency occur beyond living there for your temporary job?
– Azor Ahai
Aug 17 at 17:33




What expenses does establishing residency occur beyond living there for your temporary job?
– Azor Ahai
Aug 17 at 17:33




2




2




Things like getting a new driver's license, re-registering a car, etc, have associated fees. Legally you are probably required to do those things whether you care about establishing residency or not, but in practice, if you don't care about residency, you might let them slide.
– Nate Eldredge
Aug 17 at 18:02




Things like getting a new driver's license, re-registering a car, etc, have associated fees. Legally you are probably required to do those things whether you care about establishing residency or not, but in practice, if you don't care about residency, you might let them slide.
– Nate Eldredge
Aug 17 at 18:02




1




1




At my institution, graduate students who are TA's and RA's are granted immediate residency. However, I know that things are different in some other states. I think you'll find considerable variation from one state to another.
– Brian Borchers
Aug 17 at 20:23




At my institution, graduate students who are TA's and RA's are granted immediate residency. However, I know that things are different in some other states. I think you'll find considerable variation from one state to another.
– Brian Borchers
Aug 17 at 20:23












If you moved to California for a job, you might be required to do things like get a California driver's license anyway. (I'm not a lawyer; this isn't legal advice. But don't get stopped for speeding with a local address and an out-of-state license.)
– Bob Brown
Aug 19 at 21:15




If you moved to California for a job, you might be required to do things like get a California driver's license anyway. (I'm not a lawyer; this isn't legal advice. But don't get stopped for speeding with a local address and an out-of-state license.)
– Bob Brown
Aug 19 at 21:15










3 Answers
3






active

oldest

votes

















up vote
14
down vote














I had assumed that since my tuition would be covered anyways in a PhD program, there was no advantage to being in-state.




There's no financial advantage to you. There might be one to the department.



I believe that one common arrangement is that the department's budget is charged for the normal amount of your tuition, whether in-state or out-of-state. Although it's just money moving between internal university accounts, it makes a difference to the department.



I went to grad school at a University of California campus, and there was a rule that if you had come from another state, you had to establish California residency within your first year, so that the department only had to pay the out-of-state rate for one year. So if you plan to attend a California university, you'll likely have to go through that bureaucratic hassle eventually anyway; might as well get started now.



Being in-state also means that the department gets to pay the lower rate from the beginning, so you'd be a bit cheaper to support than an out-of-state student. I don't know whether departments actually make this an explicit factor in admissions, and I would guess that they don't, but it could make a very slight difference at the margin.






share|improve this answer
















  • 6




    In my department, the department had a fixed number of waivers - basically, tokens that said "You count as in-state." Because establishing residency in the state was hard, first year grad students automatically got one, as did foreign students. After your first year, there was a strong suggestion that you establish residency, because the waivers might not be available.
    – Fomite
    Aug 18 at 0:03










  • @Fomite: it helps if you say which state (so we can understand how hard establishing residency was), and whether the college was public or private (policies vary), etc.
    – smci
    Aug 22 at 23:21






  • 1




    @smci I don't know of any private university with different in- and out-of-state tuition. In this case, that statement applies to public universities in WA and NC.
    – Fomite
    Aug 22 at 23:27

















up vote
7
down vote













I won't repeat the points raised in Nate Eldredge's excellent answer, but I will point out a couple of other considerations. First, in general, I very much doubt that there is much of an academic advantage; that is, I doubt that you would be more likely to be accepted based on your residency status. Departments would normally make offers based on the quality of your application, not on how much you would have to pay.



Second, although Nate Eldredge said, "there's no financial advantage to you", that might not always be accurate. Some institutions might offer only in-state financial assistance; out-of-state students might have to make up the difference themselves. I have no idea how frequent that might be the case, but in my personal case as an international student in Louisiana, USA, my graduate assistantship did not waive the international student tuition supplement; I had to pay that out of my own pocket (although the assistantship did provide sufficient funds to cover that, it reduced my net receipts by thousands of dollars). Yes, I realize that my personal situation concerned international fees while yours concerns domestic but out-of-state fees, but I nevertheless recommend that you verify the specific situation in any school that you want to apply to; do not assume that they would always fully cover out-of-state tuition charges.






share|improve this answer



























    up vote
    3
    down vote













    When I was in graduate school in Texas, my graduate program was flagged during a review for having too many non-Texan students and too many international students. After the review, the program tried to recruit more Texan students (and was successful).



    However, I suspect that this experience is an outlier.






    share|improve this answer






















      Your Answer







      StackExchange.ready(function()
      var channelOptions =
      tags: "".split(" "),
      id: "415"
      ;
      initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

      StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function()
      // Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
      if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled)
      StackExchange.using("snippets", function()
      createEditor();
      );

      else
      createEditor();

      );

      function createEditor()
      StackExchange.prepareEditor(
      heartbeatType: 'answer',
      convertImagesToLinks: true,
      noModals: false,
      showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
      reputationToPostImages: 10,
      bindNavPrevention: true,
      postfix: "",
      noCode: true, onDemand: true,
      discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
      ,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
      );



      );













       

      draft saved


      draft discarded


















      StackExchange.ready(
      function ()
      StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2facademia.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f115460%2fis-it-an-advantage-to-be-a-resident-of-the-state-in-which-you-are-applying-to-ph%23new-answer', 'question_page');

      );

      Post as a guest






























      3 Answers
      3






      active

      oldest

      votes








      3 Answers
      3






      active

      oldest

      votes









      active

      oldest

      votes






      active

      oldest

      votes








      up vote
      14
      down vote














      I had assumed that since my tuition would be covered anyways in a PhD program, there was no advantage to being in-state.




      There's no financial advantage to you. There might be one to the department.



      I believe that one common arrangement is that the department's budget is charged for the normal amount of your tuition, whether in-state or out-of-state. Although it's just money moving between internal university accounts, it makes a difference to the department.



      I went to grad school at a University of California campus, and there was a rule that if you had come from another state, you had to establish California residency within your first year, so that the department only had to pay the out-of-state rate for one year. So if you plan to attend a California university, you'll likely have to go through that bureaucratic hassle eventually anyway; might as well get started now.



      Being in-state also means that the department gets to pay the lower rate from the beginning, so you'd be a bit cheaper to support than an out-of-state student. I don't know whether departments actually make this an explicit factor in admissions, and I would guess that they don't, but it could make a very slight difference at the margin.






      share|improve this answer
















      • 6




        In my department, the department had a fixed number of waivers - basically, tokens that said "You count as in-state." Because establishing residency in the state was hard, first year grad students automatically got one, as did foreign students. After your first year, there was a strong suggestion that you establish residency, because the waivers might not be available.
        – Fomite
        Aug 18 at 0:03










      • @Fomite: it helps if you say which state (so we can understand how hard establishing residency was), and whether the college was public or private (policies vary), etc.
        – smci
        Aug 22 at 23:21






      • 1




        @smci I don't know of any private university with different in- and out-of-state tuition. In this case, that statement applies to public universities in WA and NC.
        – Fomite
        Aug 22 at 23:27














      up vote
      14
      down vote














      I had assumed that since my tuition would be covered anyways in a PhD program, there was no advantage to being in-state.




      There's no financial advantage to you. There might be one to the department.



      I believe that one common arrangement is that the department's budget is charged for the normal amount of your tuition, whether in-state or out-of-state. Although it's just money moving between internal university accounts, it makes a difference to the department.



      I went to grad school at a University of California campus, and there was a rule that if you had come from another state, you had to establish California residency within your first year, so that the department only had to pay the out-of-state rate for one year. So if you plan to attend a California university, you'll likely have to go through that bureaucratic hassle eventually anyway; might as well get started now.



      Being in-state also means that the department gets to pay the lower rate from the beginning, so you'd be a bit cheaper to support than an out-of-state student. I don't know whether departments actually make this an explicit factor in admissions, and I would guess that they don't, but it could make a very slight difference at the margin.






      share|improve this answer
















      • 6




        In my department, the department had a fixed number of waivers - basically, tokens that said "You count as in-state." Because establishing residency in the state was hard, first year grad students automatically got one, as did foreign students. After your first year, there was a strong suggestion that you establish residency, because the waivers might not be available.
        – Fomite
        Aug 18 at 0:03










      • @Fomite: it helps if you say which state (so we can understand how hard establishing residency was), and whether the college was public or private (policies vary), etc.
        – smci
        Aug 22 at 23:21






      • 1




        @smci I don't know of any private university with different in- and out-of-state tuition. In this case, that statement applies to public universities in WA and NC.
        – Fomite
        Aug 22 at 23:27












      up vote
      14
      down vote










      up vote
      14
      down vote










      I had assumed that since my tuition would be covered anyways in a PhD program, there was no advantage to being in-state.




      There's no financial advantage to you. There might be one to the department.



      I believe that one common arrangement is that the department's budget is charged for the normal amount of your tuition, whether in-state or out-of-state. Although it's just money moving between internal university accounts, it makes a difference to the department.



      I went to grad school at a University of California campus, and there was a rule that if you had come from another state, you had to establish California residency within your first year, so that the department only had to pay the out-of-state rate for one year. So if you plan to attend a California university, you'll likely have to go through that bureaucratic hassle eventually anyway; might as well get started now.



      Being in-state also means that the department gets to pay the lower rate from the beginning, so you'd be a bit cheaper to support than an out-of-state student. I don't know whether departments actually make this an explicit factor in admissions, and I would guess that they don't, but it could make a very slight difference at the margin.






      share|improve this answer













      I had assumed that since my tuition would be covered anyways in a PhD program, there was no advantage to being in-state.




      There's no financial advantage to you. There might be one to the department.



      I believe that one common arrangement is that the department's budget is charged for the normal amount of your tuition, whether in-state or out-of-state. Although it's just money moving between internal university accounts, it makes a difference to the department.



      I went to grad school at a University of California campus, and there was a rule that if you had come from another state, you had to establish California residency within your first year, so that the department only had to pay the out-of-state rate for one year. So if you plan to attend a California university, you'll likely have to go through that bureaucratic hassle eventually anyway; might as well get started now.



      Being in-state also means that the department gets to pay the lower rate from the beginning, so you'd be a bit cheaper to support than an out-of-state student. I don't know whether departments actually make this an explicit factor in admissions, and I would guess that they don't, but it could make a very slight difference at the margin.







      share|improve this answer












      share|improve this answer



      share|improve this answer










      answered Aug 17 at 17:05









      Nate Eldredge

      96.3k28268372




      96.3k28268372







      • 6




        In my department, the department had a fixed number of waivers - basically, tokens that said "You count as in-state." Because establishing residency in the state was hard, first year grad students automatically got one, as did foreign students. After your first year, there was a strong suggestion that you establish residency, because the waivers might not be available.
        – Fomite
        Aug 18 at 0:03










      • @Fomite: it helps if you say which state (so we can understand how hard establishing residency was), and whether the college was public or private (policies vary), etc.
        – smci
        Aug 22 at 23:21






      • 1




        @smci I don't know of any private university with different in- and out-of-state tuition. In this case, that statement applies to public universities in WA and NC.
        – Fomite
        Aug 22 at 23:27












      • 6




        In my department, the department had a fixed number of waivers - basically, tokens that said "You count as in-state." Because establishing residency in the state was hard, first year grad students automatically got one, as did foreign students. After your first year, there was a strong suggestion that you establish residency, because the waivers might not be available.
        – Fomite
        Aug 18 at 0:03










      • @Fomite: it helps if you say which state (so we can understand how hard establishing residency was), and whether the college was public or private (policies vary), etc.
        – smci
        Aug 22 at 23:21






      • 1




        @smci I don't know of any private university with different in- and out-of-state tuition. In this case, that statement applies to public universities in WA and NC.
        – Fomite
        Aug 22 at 23:27







      6




      6




      In my department, the department had a fixed number of waivers - basically, tokens that said "You count as in-state." Because establishing residency in the state was hard, first year grad students automatically got one, as did foreign students. After your first year, there was a strong suggestion that you establish residency, because the waivers might not be available.
      – Fomite
      Aug 18 at 0:03




      In my department, the department had a fixed number of waivers - basically, tokens that said "You count as in-state." Because establishing residency in the state was hard, first year grad students automatically got one, as did foreign students. After your first year, there was a strong suggestion that you establish residency, because the waivers might not be available.
      – Fomite
      Aug 18 at 0:03












      @Fomite: it helps if you say which state (so we can understand how hard establishing residency was), and whether the college was public or private (policies vary), etc.
      – smci
      Aug 22 at 23:21




      @Fomite: it helps if you say which state (so we can understand how hard establishing residency was), and whether the college was public or private (policies vary), etc.
      – smci
      Aug 22 at 23:21




      1




      1




      @smci I don't know of any private university with different in- and out-of-state tuition. In this case, that statement applies to public universities in WA and NC.
      – Fomite
      Aug 22 at 23:27




      @smci I don't know of any private university with different in- and out-of-state tuition. In this case, that statement applies to public universities in WA and NC.
      – Fomite
      Aug 22 at 23:27










      up vote
      7
      down vote













      I won't repeat the points raised in Nate Eldredge's excellent answer, but I will point out a couple of other considerations. First, in general, I very much doubt that there is much of an academic advantage; that is, I doubt that you would be more likely to be accepted based on your residency status. Departments would normally make offers based on the quality of your application, not on how much you would have to pay.



      Second, although Nate Eldredge said, "there's no financial advantage to you", that might not always be accurate. Some institutions might offer only in-state financial assistance; out-of-state students might have to make up the difference themselves. I have no idea how frequent that might be the case, but in my personal case as an international student in Louisiana, USA, my graduate assistantship did not waive the international student tuition supplement; I had to pay that out of my own pocket (although the assistantship did provide sufficient funds to cover that, it reduced my net receipts by thousands of dollars). Yes, I realize that my personal situation concerned international fees while yours concerns domestic but out-of-state fees, but I nevertheless recommend that you verify the specific situation in any school that you want to apply to; do not assume that they would always fully cover out-of-state tuition charges.






      share|improve this answer
























        up vote
        7
        down vote













        I won't repeat the points raised in Nate Eldredge's excellent answer, but I will point out a couple of other considerations. First, in general, I very much doubt that there is much of an academic advantage; that is, I doubt that you would be more likely to be accepted based on your residency status. Departments would normally make offers based on the quality of your application, not on how much you would have to pay.



        Second, although Nate Eldredge said, "there's no financial advantage to you", that might not always be accurate. Some institutions might offer only in-state financial assistance; out-of-state students might have to make up the difference themselves. I have no idea how frequent that might be the case, but in my personal case as an international student in Louisiana, USA, my graduate assistantship did not waive the international student tuition supplement; I had to pay that out of my own pocket (although the assistantship did provide sufficient funds to cover that, it reduced my net receipts by thousands of dollars). Yes, I realize that my personal situation concerned international fees while yours concerns domestic but out-of-state fees, but I nevertheless recommend that you verify the specific situation in any school that you want to apply to; do not assume that they would always fully cover out-of-state tuition charges.






        share|improve this answer






















          up vote
          7
          down vote










          up vote
          7
          down vote









          I won't repeat the points raised in Nate Eldredge's excellent answer, but I will point out a couple of other considerations. First, in general, I very much doubt that there is much of an academic advantage; that is, I doubt that you would be more likely to be accepted based on your residency status. Departments would normally make offers based on the quality of your application, not on how much you would have to pay.



          Second, although Nate Eldredge said, "there's no financial advantage to you", that might not always be accurate. Some institutions might offer only in-state financial assistance; out-of-state students might have to make up the difference themselves. I have no idea how frequent that might be the case, but in my personal case as an international student in Louisiana, USA, my graduate assistantship did not waive the international student tuition supplement; I had to pay that out of my own pocket (although the assistantship did provide sufficient funds to cover that, it reduced my net receipts by thousands of dollars). Yes, I realize that my personal situation concerned international fees while yours concerns domestic but out-of-state fees, but I nevertheless recommend that you verify the specific situation in any school that you want to apply to; do not assume that they would always fully cover out-of-state tuition charges.






          share|improve this answer












          I won't repeat the points raised in Nate Eldredge's excellent answer, but I will point out a couple of other considerations. First, in general, I very much doubt that there is much of an academic advantage; that is, I doubt that you would be more likely to be accepted based on your residency status. Departments would normally make offers based on the quality of your application, not on how much you would have to pay.



          Second, although Nate Eldredge said, "there's no financial advantage to you", that might not always be accurate. Some institutions might offer only in-state financial assistance; out-of-state students might have to make up the difference themselves. I have no idea how frequent that might be the case, but in my personal case as an international student in Louisiana, USA, my graduate assistantship did not waive the international student tuition supplement; I had to pay that out of my own pocket (although the assistantship did provide sufficient funds to cover that, it reduced my net receipts by thousands of dollars). Yes, I realize that my personal situation concerned international fees while yours concerns domestic but out-of-state fees, but I nevertheless recommend that you verify the specific situation in any school that you want to apply to; do not assume that they would always fully cover out-of-state tuition charges.







          share|improve this answer












          share|improve this answer



          share|improve this answer










          answered Aug 17 at 20:46









          Tripartio

          2,883521




          2,883521




















              up vote
              3
              down vote













              When I was in graduate school in Texas, my graduate program was flagged during a review for having too many non-Texan students and too many international students. After the review, the program tried to recruit more Texan students (and was successful).



              However, I suspect that this experience is an outlier.






              share|improve this answer


























                up vote
                3
                down vote













                When I was in graduate school in Texas, my graduate program was flagged during a review for having too many non-Texan students and too many international students. After the review, the program tried to recruit more Texan students (and was successful).



                However, I suspect that this experience is an outlier.






                share|improve this answer
























                  up vote
                  3
                  down vote










                  up vote
                  3
                  down vote









                  When I was in graduate school in Texas, my graduate program was flagged during a review for having too many non-Texan students and too many international students. After the review, the program tried to recruit more Texan students (and was successful).



                  However, I suspect that this experience is an outlier.






                  share|improve this answer














                  When I was in graduate school in Texas, my graduate program was flagged during a review for having too many non-Texan students and too many international students. After the review, the program tried to recruit more Texan students (and was successful).



                  However, I suspect that this experience is an outlier.







                  share|improve this answer














                  share|improve this answer



                  share|improve this answer








                  edited Aug 19 at 18:25

























                  answered Aug 18 at 2:35









                  Richard Erickson

                  3,50621629




                  3,50621629



























                       

                      draft saved


                      draft discarded















































                       


                      draft saved


                      draft discarded














                      StackExchange.ready(
                      function ()
                      StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2facademia.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f115460%2fis-it-an-advantage-to-be-a-resident-of-the-state-in-which-you-are-applying-to-ph%23new-answer', 'question_page');

                      );

                      Post as a guest













































































                      Comments

                      Popular posts from this blog

                      What does second last employer means? [closed]

                      List of Gilmore Girls characters

                      Confectionery